How do you use plants?

1
How do you use plants?
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Since plants are so familiar, we may overlook how
vital they are to human life

• How you use plants
• Food ( farming)
• Medicines
• Fossil Fuels Fuels
• Building materials conservation
• Aesthetics (ITS PRETTY- The light dark side of
  Landscaping plants)

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Plants as Food
Plus Controversial topics

• Sustainable farming
• Are Genetically
• modified plants safe?
• -Can GM foods make
• the food supply
• healthier solve
• world hunger?
• -Should food be used
• to make ethanol?

Image http//www.aboutwomans.com/wp-content/uploa
ds/2007/12/11297.jpg
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Agriculture Farming
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Beginnings of Agriculture

• 12-14,000 years ago, humans were nomad hunter
  gatherers.
• Cultivating crops raising animals allowed
  humans to settle became the foundation for
  cities civilizations.
• Some early crops grown successfully Corn, wheat
  rice- still are primary food sources for people.

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6 crops provide 80 of human caloric intake

• Wheat
• Rice
• Corn
• Potatoes
• Manioc (cassava)
• Sweet potatoes

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava
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Much of Remaining 20 of human food comes from

• Bananas
• Beans
• Soybeans
• Sorghum
• Barley
• Coconuts
• Sugarcane
• Sugarbeets

8
Problems with Farming

• No- Till
• A newer idea which advocates say will save the
  planet
• Along with crop rotation, will keep down
• -Erosion
• Carbon release into atmosphere
• Use less fertilizer, pesticide herbicide

• Tilling the soil
• traditional way of farming
• turning over the top layer of soil
• loosen soil for new seeds
• keep down weeds.
• Easier to apply chemicals
• Aids in decomposition enriches soil
• Problems
• Erosion
• Release of carbon
• Applying large quantities of antibiotics
  chemicals

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Sustainable Farming

• Sustainability rests on the principle that we
  must meet the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future generations to
  meet their own needs.
• http//www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/Concept
  .htm
• Sustainable farming practices may also include a
  movement away from large, industrial farms to
  smaller, local, organic food production.

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Genetically Modified Food
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What is Genetically Modified Food?

• Genetic engineering manipulating genes
• When a gene for a protein or other substance from
  one species is inserted into the genome of a
  different species.
• Now the organism produces substances that it
  never had the capacity to do before.

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All living things have the same genetic building
blocks
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid has 4 nitrogenous
bases which make up the alphabet for the
genetic code. SO- the same sequence of DNA codes
for an enzyme, protein or other molecule no
matter which organism it is in. That is the
basis for Gene technology
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First GM food- A tomato

• The first commercially grown genetically
• modified food crop, Flavr Savr tomato, was made
• by adding a gene that prevented it from rotting
  on the shelf.
• 1994- Approved by FDA decided it was safe, was
  not a health hazard, did not need special
  labeling. Calgene was allowed to release it into
  the market.
• Welcomed by consumers who purchased the fruit at
  two to five times the price of standard tomatoes.
  
• Company was bought by Monsanto in 1995.

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Fishy Strawberries
Scientists took a gene from the North Atlantic
Flounder that produces an antifreeze inserted
it in a plasmid of a bacterium The bacterium
infected the strawberry the flounder antifreeze
gene entered the strawberrys DNA The new GM
strawberry cells are cloned grown into new
plants that have strawberries which make a
protein that keeps the fruit from frost damage.
www.usbornequicklinks.com
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Genetically Engineered Bt Corn

• soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a
  natural pesticide.
• Scientists isolated the blueprint (gene) for a
  protein within the bacteria's DNA which kills
  insects.
• Bt gene combined with DNA of corn.
• The makeup heredity of the corn was changed.
  The Bt protein that kills insects is now made by
  the corn plant.
• Some studies show Monarch butterflies are killed
  by the corn.
• Concerns that this may cause some species to
  become extinct.

http//www3.iptv.org/exploreMore/ge/main.cfm
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GM foods

• Could increase nutritional value
• Increase aesthetics (prettier food)
• Fight world hunger
• As the human population increases, science may
  need to find ways to increase production of food-
  much like it did after WWII with new techniques
  such as machinery antibiotic use.

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GM foods- Golden Rice
Golden Rice is part of the solution to world
hunger malnutrition. -Biofortified rice may
alleviate life-threatening micronutrient
deficiencies in developing countries-(decrease
starvation) - Genetically modified- gene for
provitamin A (ß-carotene), is inserted into rice
genome.
www.goldenrice.org/
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So does everyone agree that GM foods are
wonderful?

• No- there are many questions protests about GM
  crops.
• Bioethics-
• is the study of
• ethical issues related
• to DNA technology.

A Greenpeace activist dressed as a cow protests
at the headquarters of milk giant Murray
Goulburn in Melbourne. (AAP Julian Smith
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Protesters in India vs GM foods

• On 8 April 2008, farmers organizations and other
  civil society groups in India protest the dangers
  of GM crops in general Bt Brinjal in
  particular.
• Hazards reported to be deaths of livestock after
  animals grazed on Bt corn Bt cotton also
  allergic reactions some deaths in villagers.

http//www.i-sis.org.uk/gmProtestsIndia.php
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Summary GM foods

• Developing Nations
• A world hunger problem exists (many causes)
• GM seeds are used to
• increase nutritional content prevent loss of
  crops to pests
• However, questions remain about its safety.

• Developed Nations
• GM foods used to
• Make food look nicer
• increase shelf life
• fight pests
• Increase profits
• Questions remain about its safety.

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Why GM foods are Controversial

• Is the food safe to eat? (new chemicals)
• The risk of gene transfer to weeds.
• Crop biodiversity, worries about "gene pollution"
  ecology
• Concern about horizontal transfer of genes from
  GM crops to other organisms, such as bacteria.

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Spices
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Spices
More ways you use plants

• Used to preserve enhance foods
• Freshen rooms
• Cosmetics
• Medicine
• Read black pepper- Savior of rotting meat (page 7
  textbook)

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Some common spices

• Allspice-
• Caribbean cuisine
• weak antibiotic
• deodorant
• Anise-
• sweet and very aromatic.
• flavoring used in deserts
• mild antiparasitic
• its leaves can be used to treat digestive
  problems, relieve toothache, and it is used to
  treat lice and scabies.

All of the following spices from
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herbs_and_spi
ces
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Some common spices
Chives -condiment -medicinal purposes -insect
repellant
Cinnamon -condiment flavoring deserts,
cereals, candies, tea, hot cocoa and
liqueurs. -medicine (cure for colds. Diarrhea,
Diabetes, toothache, bad breath) -preservatio
n of certain foods. -insect repellent
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Some common spices

• Garlic (Allium sativum )
• -food, in many cultures
• -medicine
• prevents heart disease including
  atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, high blood
  pressure, Cancer, diabetes,
• anti-bacterial activity
• Antibiotic activity- intestinal parasites
• Also- Garlic has been reasonably successfully
  used in AIDS patients to treat cryptosporidium in
  an uncontrolled study in China.
• Garlic supplementation in rats along with a high
  protein diet has been shown to boost testosterone
  levels

Spices/herb lab
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More about garlic

• Many cultures have used garlic for protection or
  white magic, perhaps owing to its reputation as a
  potent preventative medicine.
• Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a
  powerful ward against demons, werewolves, and
  vampires.
• The association of garlic to evil spirits may be
  based on the antibacterial, antiparasitic value
  of garlic, which could prevent infections that
  lead to delusions, and other related mental
  illness symptoms.
• In Northeastern India, it is believed that garlic
  mixed with water spread around the home will keep
  snakes from entering

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Vanilla

• There are three main commercial preparations of
  natural vanilla for use in cooking baking
• whole pod
• powder (ground pods)
• extract (in alcoholic solution)
• In old medicinal literature, vanilla is described
  as an aphrodisiac and a remedy for fevers.
• The cosmetics industry uses vanilla to make
  perfume.

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Plants for Beverages
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Fermented Plants for root beer, beer wine

• Beer - Hops (Humulus) is a small genus of
  flowering plants. The female flowers, commonly
  called hops, are used as flavoring stabilizers
  during beer brewing.

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Sassafras tree

• Root Beer
• - also known as sarsaparilla, is a carbonated
  beverage originally created from sassafras.
  Originally made from Bark from the roots of the
  sassafras tree.
• -popularized in North America, comes in two
  forms alcoholic and soft drink.
• Sassafras bark was banned by the FDA in 1960
  because of its constituent chemical safrole,
  which causes permanent liver damage cancer. A
  safrole-free variety is now used, with some
  claiming that it has a weaker flavor than the
  pre-1960 variety

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More on the sassafras tree

• Dried root bark produces an essential oil of
  safrole that was once used as a fragrance in
  perfumes and soaps, food and for aromatherapy.
• Safrole is a precursor for the clandestine
  manufacture of the drug ecstasy, and as such, its
  transport is monitored internationally.
• The species are unusual
• in having 3 distinct leaf
• patterns on the same plant

http//www.uni-graz.at/katzer/pictures/sass_08.jp
g
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Wine History
Wine was produced in many ancient cultures. The
ancient Chinese made wine from native wild
"mountain grapes. Early people in the middle
east made wine, but it became strictly forbidden
in Islam to consume alcohol except for medicinal
purposes.
Clay wine amphora or pots bake in the sun in Ica,
Peru
http//www.lifeinitaly.com/wines/history.asp
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Wine History

• Evidence of Wine production
• has been found in Europe dating
• back to at least 4000 BC.
• following the decline of Rome and therefore of
  widespread wine production, the Christian Church
  supported wine made for celebrating Catholic
  Mass.
• In medieval Europe, In places such as Germany,
  beer was banned and considered pagan and barbaric
• Eventually, winemaking capability like England
  who enjoyed wine varieties of Sherry, Port and
  Madeira.
• Records of winemaking grape cultivation kept by
  Christian monks of France northern Italy helped
  various regions match the best variety grape for
  their soil.
• By 1800, France would be recognized as the best
  of the wine-producing regions of the world.

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Medicinal Plants
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Plants as traditional medicine

• Early people used almost 3,000 different plants
  as medicine.
• Black cohosh, a staple of Cherokee medicine,
  served many purposes- from diuretic to a cure for
  rheumatic pains.
• Bloodroot provided the Cherokee with medicine to
  cure coughs and lung inflamations.

American ginseng
Blood root
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Medically Important Plants

• Willow bark - used for headaches pain-
• we now know it has salicylic acid
• Or Asprin

Willow tree
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Plants have always been associated with healing

• Since ancient times, people have noticed that
  plants can alleviate symptoms of many medical
  conditions.
• During the 1500s, Herbals- books which list
  use for plants were written.
• 1700s-modern chemistry used plant extracts
  containing alkaloids other compounds for
  healing.
• Example Ephedrine is a powerful antihistamine
  derivied from shrub Ephedra.

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Plants in modern medicine
Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) Conifer -
NorthAmerica Produces anti-cancer drug - TAXOL
Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) foliage
A Chemotherapy drug used in breast, ovarian and
lung cancer treatment, Taxus brevifolia was
already becoming scarce when its
chemotherapeutic potential was realized.
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Anti- malarial Drug

• Cinchona Tree Quinine
• Bark of cinchona trees produces several
  alkaloids.
• The alkaloid, quinine, acts as a
• febrifuge -a medication that reduces fevers.
• Quinine was used in the battle against malaria
  since the 1630's.
• Of 38 species of cinchona, four species have
  economic value for the production of quinine C.
  calisaya, C. legeriana, C. officianalis and C.
  succirubra.

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What is Malaria?

• Malaria is caused by protozoan of the genus
  Plasmodium.
• Infection begins with a bite from an infected
  mosquito.
• The parasite travels from the mosquito to your
  liver, where the parasite begins to reproduce.
• The parasite leaves the liver and travels to the
  bloodstream, where it infects red blood cells.
  The parasite reproduces in the red blood cells,
  which destroys the cells and releases more
  parasites into the bloodstream.
• An estimated 350500 million clinical malaria
  episodes occur annually, resulting suffering in
  a million deaths.

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The most famous story behind the discovery of
Quinine

• In 1638 the Countess Ana of Chinchon. contracted
  malaria in Peru.
• Given a powder that cured her of the fevers.
  Impressed by this new cure she collected the bark
  and gave it to others who needed it.
• (However, it is widely disputed that the Countess
  was responsible for spreading the bark, or that
  she even had malaria.)
• Nevertheless, Linnaeus named the genus Cinchona
  in her honor.

Show video DDT/ malaria
43
Other examples of medicinal drugs

• Curare comes from a tropical vine, and is used as
  an anesthetic and to relax muscles during
  surgery.
• A person with lymphocytic leukemia has a 99
  chance that the disease will go into remission
  because of the rosy periwinkle.
• More than 1,400 varieties of tropical plants are
  thought to be potential cures for cancer.
• Also-See page 42, medically important compounds
• (you will be doing a report on this eventually)

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Medically Important Plant Compounds

• In your textbook-
• 1. page 10
• read about antibiotic plant chemicals.
• 2. Page 42
• Read about alkaloids produced by certain plants
  about using cell cultures to produce these
  compounds.
• (You will be doing a research paper about some of
  these drugs during chapter 2)

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Addictive plants

• Sometimes, plants take advantage of our
  dependence on them create addictive chemicals
  that make us chemically dependent.
• For example
• cane plants create sugar
• coffee and tea plants create caffeine
• tobacco plants create nicotine
• coca plants create cocaine
• poppy plants create opium.

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We underestimate the plant kingdom.

• Plants are so ubiquitous and stationary that we
  ignore them and take them for granted. We assume
  that plants are passive and dumb.
• We call lazy people "couch potatoes" and dull
  people "vegetables.
• Note- Addictive plants undermine our potential
  for life and enslave us.

http//www.organicmd.org/plantsandanimals.html
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Plants for Fuel
48
Plants as Fuel

• Past photosynthesis provides the
• fossil fuels needed to power industry, engines
  automobiles.
• We burn wood as fuel.
• We can burn peat moss.
• We now ferment plants into ethanol.

49
Photosynthesis fuels in the environment- Its a
cycle

• Burning firewood, ethanol, or coal, oil other
  fossil fuels releases CO2 back to the atmosphere,
  increasing "greenhouse gases" in the environment.
• Since photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide from
  the air to carbohydrates- Plants act also as a
  carbon sink.
• As photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide and
  releases oxygen, it helps counteract the effect
  of combustion of fossil fuels.

50
Fossil Fuels

• Are plant - fossilized remains
• Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because
  they take millions of years to form, and reserves
  are being depleted much faster than new ones are
  being formed.
• Concern about fossil fuel supplies is one of the
  causes of regional and global conflicts.
• The production and use of fossil fuels raise
  environmental concerns.
• A global movement toward renewable energy is
  under way to help meet increased energy needs

51
Fossil Fuels

• It was estimated by the Energy Information
  Administration that in 2005, 86 of primary
  energy production in the world came from burning
  fossil fuels
• The remaining non-fossil sources
• hydroelectric 6.3,
• nuclear 6.0,
• and other (geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and
  waste) 0.9 percent

52
Wood is Cellulose

• One of the carbohydrates resulting from
  photosynthesis is cellulose, which makes up the
  bulk of dry wood .
• Burning wood converts cellulose back to carbon
  dioxide releases the stored energy as heat.
• Burning fuel
• is basically the same oxidation process that
  occurs in our bodies
• it liberates the energy of "stored sunlight"
  returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere

53
Peat Moss

• Sphagnum moss- a nonvascular plant, has been used
  a s a source of fuel in places like Ireland,
  North Eastern United States Canada.
• Ireland uses peat for 20 of its fuel.
• It is higher in
• kilocalories than
• wood but less
• than coal.

http//www.danheller.com/images/Europe/Ireland/Con
nemara/Landscapes/peat-farmer-1.jpg
54
Ethanol

• Ethanol (grain alcohol) produced from sugars and
  starches by fermentation is a major automobile
  fuel.
• It is added to gasoline in the United States to
  help reduce emissions of harmful pollutants.
• It can be made from any plant, most often sugar
  cane (Brazil) or corn.

55
Ethanol Controversy

• Largest use of ethanol is as a motor fuel and
  fuel additive.
• The United States fuel ethanol industry is based
  largely on corn.
• It is disputed whether ethanol as an automotive
  fuel results in a net energy gain or loss.
• As reported in "The Energy Balance of Corn
  Ethanol for ethanol made from corn in the U.S.
  is 1.34 (it yields 34 more energy than it takes
  to produce it). Input energy includes natural gas
  based fertilizers, farm equipment, transformation
  from corn or other materials, and transportation.
  
• However, other researchers report that production
  of ethanol consumes more energy than it yields

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Ethanol Controversy

• It has been estimated that "if every bushel of
  U.S. corn, wheat, rice and soybean were used to
  produce ethanol, it would only cover about 4 of
  U.S. energy needs on a net basis
• The USA government highly subsidizes ethanol
  production (it pays the farmers to make it)
• Additionally- Using corn may increase the prices
  of food.
• Recent articles have blamed subsidized ethanol
  production for the nearly 200 increase in milk
  prices since 2004.
• Using corm for ethanol is being blamed for an
  increase in world hunger.

57
Plants for Building Materials Conservation of
Forests.
58
In Long-lived plants, stems become strong, thick,
useful woody trunks.
Controversial topics
-Why would you want to make sure that the wood
products you buy come from well managed
forests? -What is conservation sustainable
forest management? -Why should YOU care About
the tropical rain Forest?
http//www.buildingconservation.com/articles/wood/
wood.jpg
59
Wood

• Recall What we call wood consists almost
  entirely of dead cells- the cellulose is what is
  left of the plant cell wall.
• Forests have been cut down for wood
• agricultural clearing
• wood for fuel (most of the world still burns
  wood, not fossil fuel, for heating cooking)
• making paper (made from wood pulp)
• building products

60
Wood is still a primary building product

• Frames for houses other buildings
• Decking,
• Furniture

61
Forest Conservation

• Conservation was not a term most people used
  before the late 1800s.
• In the United States, however, between about 1850
  and 1920, a heightened conservation consciousness
  first emerged as a complex, broadly popular
  political and cultural movement.

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Conservationist- John Muir

• One of the first people who wanted to conserve
  forest land was John Muir (1838-1914)
• His writings of his adventures in nature, and
  wildlife, especially in the Sierra Nevada
  Mountains of California, were read by millions
  and are still popular today.
• His direct activism helped to save the Yosemite
  Valley and other wilderness areas.
• The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of
  the most important conservation organizations in
  the United States.
• His writings and philosophy strongly influenced
  the formation of the modern environmental
  movement.

www.johnmuir.org/
Show video Yosemite park
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Creating National Parks

• In 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt accompanied
  Muir on a visit to Yosemite.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir
64
Muir Woods National Monument

• California Redwood trees -12 miles over the
  Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco.
• became a National Park in 1908
• Comprised of 295 acres of Redwood Forest

www.inetours.com/.../Muir_Woods.html
65
Conservation Biology

• (Read additional notes
• page 9 textbook
• on Theodore Roosevelt Gifford Pinchot)

President Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot,
Standing on Deck of Steamer Mississippi, 1907.
66
Sustainable Forestry

• The Ministerial Conference on the Protection of
  Forests in Europe (MCPFE), Defines sustainable
  forest management as
• the stewardship and use of forests and forest
  lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains
  their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration
  capacity, vitality and their potential to
  fulfill, now and in the future, relevant
  ecological, economic and social functions, at
  local, national, and global levels, and that does
  not cause damage to other ecosystems.

67
Sustainable Forestry

• In simpler terms, can be described as
• the attainment of balance
• balance between society's increasing demands for
  forest products and benefits,
• and the preservation of forest health and
  diversity.

68
Urban Forests Trees Working Where People Do

• As our cities expand and our population moves to
  increasingly urbanized areas, American Forests
  recognizes the ecological value of urban trees as
  an important conservation issue.

PLANT TREES NOW!!
http//www.americanforests.org/
69
Temperate Deciduous Forest The forest biome
where we live.
Deciduous -means shedding or falling off of
leaves -Most intact in eastern North America -
In Europe, Most of the forest was cleared for
agriculture, with remnants surviving only in some
royal hunting preserves. In Asia -China
-intensive agriculture - cleared for at least
4,000 years. -Korea the forest is more intact
fall foliage is like New England's.
70
Tropical Rain Forests

• Why save the rain forest?
• All forests have both economic and ecological
  value, but tropical forests are especially
  important in global economy
• Has the most biodiversity most species of any
  Biome (Regions with distinctive climates and
  organisms)
• Tropical rainforests produce 40 of Earth's
  oxygen.
• Many of the medicines we use come from
  rainforest plants
• Tropical Rain Forest used to cover about 20 of
  Earths surface.
• Today it is about 6 and more is lost daily.

71
Tropical rain forests has several distinct layers
of foliage, each with its own vegetation and
wildlife.
72
Tropical Rain Forest

• Threats
• 1. Logging- for lumber
• 2. Burning -to clear for farming, residences
• What you can do Recycle, Join a conservation
  group
• Dont buy wood like Mahogany, Teak
• Support products like nuts, fruit, rubber
• Don't buy products made from endangered animals

73
Plants for Aesthetics
74
Beautiful Gardens
Controversial Topic Are Non-Native invasive
species controllable?
www.glenwhangardens.co.uk/the_gardens.htm
75
Invasive non-native plants in PA
Images information for the following slides
from http//www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/ma
in.shtml Images Invasive.org and Google

• What is a non-native invasive species?
• Invasive plants are introduced species that can
  thrive in areas beyond their natural range of
  dispersal. These plants are characteristically
  adaptable, aggressive, and have a high
  reproductive capacity. Their vigor combined with
  a lack of natural enemies often leads to outbreak
  populations.
• Examples
• Tree of Heaven
• Kudzu
• Mile a minute weed
• (There are lots more)

Show video invasive species
76
Tree-of-Heaven

• Tree-of-Heaven
• Scientific name Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)
  Swingle
• Common names Tree-of-heaven, China-sumac,
  varnishtree
• Native To China
• Date of U.S. Introduction Late 1700s
• Means of Introduction Ornamental
• Impact Crowds out native species damages
  pavement and building foundations in urban areas

77
Kudzu

• Scientific name Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.
  var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen S. M. Almeida
• Common name Kudzu
• Native To Asia
• Date of U.S. Introduction Late 1800s
• Means of Introduction Introduced for erosion
  control
• Impact Crowds out native species

http//library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00946/pic_used
/kudzu.gif
78
Mile-A-Minute Weed

• Scientific name Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.
  Gross (formerly known as Polygonum perfoliatum L.
  )
• Common name Mile-A-Minute weed, Chinese
  tearthumb
• Native To Asia
• Date of U.S. Introduction 1930s
• Means of Introduction Introduced accidentally as
  a contaminant of ornamental stock
• Impact Crowds out native species

79
Plants as Enemies

• Contact Dermatitis/ Allergic reactions
• Poison Ivy, oak, sumac, stinging nettle, giant
  hogweed
• Asthmatic reactions to tree flower pollen

80
Poison Ivy.

• A classic presentation with vesicles and blisters
  after contact with the urushiol oil in the plant.
  
• A line of vesicles (linear lesions) caused by
  dragging the resin over the surface of the skin
  with a scratching finger is a highly
  characteristic sign of plant contact dermatitis.

www.lib.uiowa.edu/.../md/dermnet/poisonivy1.html
81
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)

• Flowering plant, native to Europe, Asia, northern
  Africa, and North America
• The plants have stinging hairs whose tips come
  off when touched, injecting these irritants
• acetylcholine
• histamine
• 5-HT
• formic acid
• common names "7 minute stitch", burn nettle,
  burn weed, and burn hazel

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinging_nettle
82
Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzanium).

• Severe blistering reactions develop from exposure
  to the sap.
• Native to Asia, is an invasive species in the
  United States after being introduced as a
  landscaping plant.
• Children should be kept away from Giant Hogweed,
  and protective clothing (including eye
  protection) should be worn when handling it or
  digging it.

http//www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Dermatitis/E
dMat/PhytoSlides/16to20/default.asp
83
Pollen Allergy, What Is It?

• Each spring, summer, fall, tiny particles are
• released from trees, weeds, and grasses.
• Their mission is to fertilize parts of other
• plants, but many never reach their targets.
• Instead, they enter human noses throats,
• triggering a type of seasonal allergic rhinitis
• called pollen allergy, hay fever or rose fever.
• Of all the things that can cause an allergy,
• pollen is one of the most widespread.
• Short of staying indoors when the pollen count is
  high--and even that may not help--there is no
  easy way to evade windborne pollen.

http//www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?art
iclekey20277
84
Ending Part I- (with some extra info)
85
Plants dominate the land many bodies of water
Part I Plants

• Plant life existed in the oceans over 3 billion
  years ago.
• No life existed on the land because of UV
  radiation since there was no ozone layer.
• Approximately 475 million years ago, enough
  oxygen had been produced so that an ozone layer
  formed in the atmosphere.
• Small club shaped plants were the first to live
  on the edges of land near water.

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Advantages of life on land
Part I Plants

• Increased sunlight for photosynthesis
• Increased CO2 levels
• Access to inorganic molecules in soil
• Susceptible to drying out

Disadvantages of life on land