Title: 4. Wave Optics
14. Wave Optics
2Spherical Wave, Image Formation, and Huygens
Principle
Wavefront a surface over which the phase of a
wave is constant
Huygens Principle
3Linear Polarization
4Circular/Elliptical Polarization
5Unpolarized Light and Polarizer
6Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
73D Imaging by Polarizers
8- Reflection and Transmittance of Polarized Lights
Note p-polarization E-field ?? plane of
incidence s-polarization E-field ? plane of
incidence
9Goos-Haenchen Shift
10Optical Transfer Matrix to Analyze Three-layer
Film
11Optical Transfer Matrix to Analyze Three-layer
Film (Cont)
12Antireflection Film
Antireflection Coatings on Solar Cells
13High-reflectance Film
14High-reflectance Film (Cont)
15Interference
Youngs Experiment
- Interference superposition of two light wave
result in bright and dark fringes - Conditions for Interference
- same polarization
- same frequency
- constant phase relationship (coherence)
16- Conditions for Interference
If ?1 ?2 ?
17Fabry-Perot Interferometer
18Fabry-Perot Interferometer (Cont)
19Fabry-Perot Interferometer (Cont)
GaAss natural cleavage plane is (1,1,0)-plane.
Sis and Ges natural cleavage plane are
(1,1,1)-plane.
20Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
21Holography/Hologram
223D Hologram Videos
23Michelson Interferometer
24Sagnac Effect and Ring Interferometer
25Interferences of Coherent/Incoherent Waves
- Coherence All component electromagnetic waves
are in phase or in the same phase difference. - Interference of coherent waves Waves of
different frequencies interfere to form a pulse
if they are coherent. - Interference of incoherent waves Spectrally
incoherent light interferes to form continuous
light with a randomly varying phase and
amplitude.
26Fresnel (Near-field) Diffraction
27Fraunhofer (Far-field) Diffraction
28Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern of a Rectangular
Aperture
29Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern of a Circular
Aperture
30Resolving Power of Imaging Systems
Rayleigh criterion
31Resolution Limit
- Rayleigh criterion ? two object point can be
resolved by the lens of an optical system
32Resolution of Human Eye
Resolving power of human eye ? 0.3
mrad Resolution limit of human eye ? 0.075mm
33Fourier Transform by a Convex Lens
34- Optical Fourier Transform
35Optical Signal Processing
36Examples of Optical Signal Processing
37Examples of Optical Signal Processing (Cont)
38Fourier Optics and Its applications
39Phase Contrast Microscopy
40Appendix 4-1 Coherence
41 Coherence Function
Mutually coherent point sources u1(t1, x1, y1,
z1) and u2(t1, x2, y2, z2 ) maintain a fixed
phase relation Mutual coherence function
Normalized mutual coherence function (complex
degree of coherence or degree of correlation)
where ?11(?) and ?22(?) are the self-coherence
functions of u1(t) and u2(t)
42- Demonstration of Coherence
extended source
interference pattern
If I1 I2 I (best condition), ? ? ?12(?)
? i.e., visibility of the fringe is a measure of
the degree of coherence
43extended source
Intensity distribution of the resultant fringe of
two points on the extended source
extended source
44Measurement of Spatial Coherence
45Temporal Coherence
Visibility of the fringe is a measure of the
degree of temporal coherence ?11(?) at same point
Coherence length of the light source
46Measurement of Temporal Coherence
47Appendix 4-2 Fourier Transform
48Fourier Transform Pairs
49Basic Theorems of Fourier Transforms
50Basic Theorems of Fourier Transforms (Cont)
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54Application of Fourier Transform-Distinguishing
Similar Signals
55Appendix 4-3 Phase Transform Function of a Lens
56Usage of a Thin Lens? Phase Transformation
57Phase Transform Function of a Lens
58Phase Transform Function of a Lens