England

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England

• War of the Roses
• Rise of the Tudors
• Henry VIII and his Heirs

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War of the Roses1455-1485

• House of Lancaster
• vs.
• House of York

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THE TAMING OF ENGLAND

• England is an island natural defenses
• England could have been the first nation to
  consolidate
• But . . noble ambition and a weak king interfered
• War of the Roses fixed this
• Henry VII and VIII ended dynastic instability
• Created new nobility that owed their titles and
  loyalty to the Tudors

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Wars of the Roses

• No end of fighting
• Shortly after peace with France, two families
  began war over English throne
• Lancasters (red rose) vs. Yorks (white rose)

• Yorkist victories
• Yorkists successful early
• Significant victories over Lancastrians
• Trouble began after Edwards death

• Richard III
• Uprisings killed in battle of Bosworth Field,
  1485
• Henry VII claimed throne, neither York nor
  Lancaster new era began

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Results of the War of the Roses

• Broke feudal power of the nobles
• End of the Middle Ages
• Power shift Many nobles slain during the wars
  their estates confiscated by the Crown
• Lawlessness
• Desire for strong gov. brings peace and
  prosperity
• Henry VII
• Reestablished royal power
• Created the beginning of
• modern England

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Financial Issues

• English monarchs lived off the revenues from
  their estates. They were often broke.
• Parliament defended the gentry crown had to ask
  permission to tax
• Henry VIII confiscated Church lands crown began
  to profit
• Thomas Cromwell reorganized parliament so that it
  worked with the king

Parliament
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Henry VIIThe First Tudor King
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The Road to the Throne

• 1457 Henry Tudor born
• Many had a better claim and the current king had
  a son
• By 1471, Henry Tudor is the only logical choice
  to promote
• Edward IV died, 12 year old son became Edward V
• But, his uncle seized the crown and made himself
  King Richard III

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Conspiracy Theory!The Princes in the Tower

• Sons of Edward IV
• Uncle imprisoned them
• Declared illegitimate in 1483
• Richard is prime suspect
• Henry Tudor also suspect he married their sister
  to cement his claim. Her claim would only be
  valid if her brothers were both dead.

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Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne

• 1484
• Henry is in France
• Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to capture
  Henry for him
• Henry escaped at the last minute, dressed as a
  servant

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Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne

• 1485
• The King of France wanted to distract Richard
  from invading France so he gave Henry an army to
  invade England
• Early in August Henry landed in Wales

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Battle of Bosworth
Richard III
Henry Tudor

• Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkists
• Richard III killed
• Henry Tudor emerged as leader
• Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize
  his claim as king
• All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitors
• Executions, confiscation of property

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SURPRISE . . . Henry VII was a good king

• Sought prosperity for England.
• In love with his wife and had 5 children
• Arthur
• Henry
• Margaret
• Mary
• Another daughter
• Child that died in childbirth with Elizabeth

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The favored son Henry VIII

• Loving family, involved parents. Unusual
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vR05Z2Z89aUw
• Second son will maybe be a pope
• Everything changed in 1502

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Arthur

• Arthur
• Married at 15
• Political marriage to Catherine of Aragon
• Intelligent, well educated
• Good parents
• VERY wealthy
• VERY connected
• Uncle was pope
• Nephew will be HRE

http//www.youtube.com/watch?voo73DvLMNFs
Died in 1502
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What to do with Catherine?

• Dowry fortune
• Henry VII wants that
• Needs money to protect against the French
• Considers marrying her himself . . .

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Henry VIIs Solution

• His other son will marry Catherine
• Marriage takes 7 years to negotiate
• Pope displeased
• Henry VII wants a better alliance for his son
• When young Henry becomes king, marries Catherine
• 17 and 22

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Henry VIII

• Everything going well. Can he be content?
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vxTKIk04xNVsfeature
  related

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Henry VIII

• Humanist
• Catholic, but saw need for reform
• Sympathetic to Protestants

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One BIG problem

• 6 pregnancies
• No surviving son
• One daughter, but how could SHE be queen

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Other Problems

• Marriage is a love match
• She is intellectual equal, loved by most
• She never complained at all the affairs he had.
  (There were many)

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The end of the Tudor Dynasty?

• But . . . .No son?
• Civil war could break out
• What a failure! Would the Tudors have only 2
  kings?

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Good News for Henry

• 1525 Henry reads The Prince
• Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
• But, what to do?
• She has good connections
• No suspicion of foul play

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Advice

• Henrys longtime advisors and friends said
  Accept Gods will.
• Cardinal Wolsey Catholic Church
• Thomas More -- Humanist

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More Advice

• Thomas Cranmer
• Turn Protestant, divorce Catherine.
• Outlaw Catholics, confiscate wealth that the
  churches, monasteries, and convents have in
  England
• Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new
  church

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The Homewrecker

• Anne Boleyn
• Minor nobility
• Family desperate to raise status
• Sister had already been Henrys mistress

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Henry Acts Quickly

• Became Protestant
• Divorced Catherine.
• Biblical reason
• Thats why he cant have a son
• Confiscated Churchs wealth
• Married Anne Boleyn
• Already pregnant

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Henry VIII and the New Church

• 1534 Act of Supremacy only supreme head of
  the Church of England is the king.
• Sold confiscated church land to the nobles in
  exchange for their loyalty.
• 1534 Act of Succession Legitimizes children of
  Henry and Anne.

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Destroying Enemies

• Beheaded, imprisoned, and intimidated those who
  opposed him
• Sir Thomas More
• Beheaded
• Archbishop Wolsey
• Gave his home, wealth to Henry
• Still arrested, died before execution

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What about Catherine?

• Divorced, house arrest
• Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing
  to become Protestant
• She couldnt be a princess
• Meaning . . . She cant ever be queen

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What about Anne?

• Daughter (Elizabeth)
• 2 miscarriages of sons
• Fiery nature wore thin
• Henry looked elsewhere
• Scandal
• Convicted of treason, beheaded

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The Obedient One

• Married within a week of Annes death
• Jane Seymour
• Obedient, quiet
• Protestant
• October 1537 -- a son.
• Died in childbirth

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Prince Edward

• Sickly
• Henry worried he was being punished for his
  actions
• Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabeth
• Mary must renounce her mother and her church

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Would Henry Become Catholic Again?

• Cranmer looks for Wife 4
• Protestant German Princess from a family known
  for producing a lot of children.
• Anne of Cleves
• False advertising

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Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)

• Married January 9, 1540
• Divorced July 9, 1540
• Stayed friend of King Henry
• Outlived Henry

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Henrys Dilemma

• Considered returning to catholicism
• Edward still sickly
• Mary now was favored (shes Catholic)
• Elizabeth - out of favor
• Perhaps he should marry again?

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Wife 5 Katherine Howard(She displeased him
more than Anne of Cleves)

• 29 years younger
• Barely educated
• Catholic
• Cousin to Anne Boleyn

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Katharine Howard

• Married 1540
• Accused of adultery
• Beheaded 1542
• She was only 19

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhudKsE0iMts
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Executioner carrying a bag of axes
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Catherine Parr She outlived him!

• Henry favoring Catholics
• Alarmed many Protestants
• Married to Protestant widow in 1543 until his
  death in 1548.
• Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-fadCAHjN-sfeature
related
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Henrys Mess

• Country tired of religious see-sawing
• Next king Edward
• Protestant
• Next in Line Mary
• Catholic
• After her Elizabeth
• Protestant

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Henry on his Deathbed
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King Edward VII

• Never a strong king
• 10, ruled for 6 years
• Controlled by advisors
• Strongly Protestant
• Penalties for being Catholic
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vHwihJ47EO24feature
  related
• Died childless in 1553

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Lady Jane GrayThe 9 Days Queen

• 1st cousin to Edward
• Protestant, Humanist education
• Family pushed her into rule
• Political marriage

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Wyatts Rebellion

• Jane and husband imprisoned. Treason.
• Mary becomes Queen
• Protestants feared Marys marriage to the Spanish
  king
• Want to replace Mary with Elizabeth . . . Or even
  Jane
• Mary has no choice but to execute Jane

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(Bloody) Mary I (r. 1553-1558)

• Bitter
• Goal return England to Catholicism
• Outlawed Protestants
• 300 executions
• Married cousin
• Involved England in Spanish causes
• No children

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Mary I

• Revenge on Thomas Cranmer
• Blamed him for Henry leaving Catholicism and
  divorcing her mother
• Tortured, burned as heretic

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The Feelings of the People

• Conflicted
• Catholics Pope has supremacy
• Anglicans Protestants
• believe in King over Pope
• Act of Supremacy says king is the true head of
  the Church, but Mary is Catholic
• Married to Spanish King
• Protestantism is official religion, but many
  privately practicing Catholicism
• Fighting the Catholics draining the people and
  treasury

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Marys Problem

• Mary was childless
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vC7yc1eTHJb8
• Only heir was Elizabeth
• Bitter personal feelings
• Elizabeth becomes queen (1558-1603)

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Elizabeth, age 13
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Coronation, age 20
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Age 30Before the Virgin Queen idea
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1588 (age 55), after defeat of the Spanish Armada
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The Church of England

• Elizabethan Religious Settlement
• Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch becomes Supreme
  Governor of CofE
• Act of Uniformity (1559)
• Book of Common Prayer
• Forced attendance at Church
• Pope called her a servant of crime and a
  heretic
• I see, I say nothing Politically savvy

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Golden Age . . . Or Not

• Drama, literature, art, architecture
• Constant fear of uprising
• Limited power of nobles
• Treason death
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQ1eyWpUpkwIfeature
  related
• Feared marriage
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQ3IiUGTgi2c

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Mary, Queen of Scots

• Chief Rival of Elizabeth
• Catholic heroine
• Exiled from Scotland, guest of Elizabeth for 18
  years
• Died a martyr

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Mary and her son, James
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v_1rR7t-buFA
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The End of the Tudors

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPCmogoGpnxg

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The Stuarts(1603)
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THE MAIN PLAYERS

• The three main players in the dynastic wars of
  the 16th century were Charles V (HRE, Spain),
  Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
• As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars
  of conquest turned into strategic warfare
  designed to maintain a continental balance of
  power

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THE ITALIAN WARS

• The struggle for European supremacy in the 16th
  century pitted the French House of Valois vs. the
  empire of the Habsburgs
• The battle ground was Italy
• In the late 15th century, France seized Naples
  only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
• Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and
  Charles V to the Spanish, Naples was just one
  source of friction

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BATTLEFIELD MILAN

• In 1515, Francis I stunned Europe with a victory
  over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of
  Marignano (Milan)
• Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against
  the France
• Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the
  French
• Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of
  Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory

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FRANCISS FORTUNES TURN

• Despite being captured and forced to sign the
  Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many
  concessions, Franciss fortunes soon changed
• He returned to France, renounced the treaty,
  formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry
  VIII and most importantly with the powerful
  Ottoman sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent
  (1520-1566)

An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a
formidable foe
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FIGHTING OVER

• In the end, the French could not dislodge the
  Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs
  dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
• Finally, the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559
  ended 60 years of European conflict
• Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades
  of fighting

The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis, ending the Italian
Wars, was agreed there on April 2-3, 1559
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• European economy, ca. 1300
• ??Inflation
• ??Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)
• ??Food, other goods worth more (prices rise)
• ??Wages decline (more workers)
• ??Overpopulation
• ??Farming intensification
• ??No remaining land to be settled
• ??Tension between rich and peasants
• ??Economic recession in towns

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• Wars in the 14thcentury
• ??Border wars
• ??English vs. Scots, Welsh
• ??French vs. Flanders
• ??Peasant and urban revolts
• ??Jacquerie, 1358
• ??English PeasantsRevolt, 1381
• ??The Hundred Years War
• ??England vs. France
• ??Also a border war
• ??Proxy battles in Scotland, Flanders

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• The Hundred Years War
• ??Origins English claims to Angevin empire
• ??Role of mercenaries
• ??English archers
• ??Unruly French nobility
• ??Rise of Burgundy
• ??Shifted support to English or French at will
• ??Joan of Arc

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Phases of the 100 Years War ??English
triumphs ??1337-1360 ??Edward III of England vs.
Philip the Fair of France ??France slowly regains
control ??Charles V of France ??England expelled
from French territory ??1415-1453 ??Henry V of
England vs. Joan of Arc, Charles VII as dauphin
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• Consequences of the 100 Years War
• ??Civil war in England
• ??War of the Roses 1460s-1485
• ??Consolidation of French state
• ??Burgundy annexed 1470s

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• Economic and cultural consequences
• ??Economic recession
• ??Heavy taxation
• ??Physical destruction by armies, mobs
• ??Added to impact of famine, plague
• ??Peasant revolts
• ??Flanders, 1320s
• ??Jacquerie, France, 1358
• ??Peasant Revolt, England, 1381
• ??End of ideal of knighthood
• ??Power of common footsoldiers
• ??Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic
  knightlyelites