When are biofuels sustainable -

1
When are biofuels sustainable -

• and why is this important to the aviation
  industry?

2
ATC
DNV Aviation Experience
Certification
Construction Work
Runway
3rd Party Risk
Capacity
Holding Points
Ground Services
Landing
Sustainability
Security
Transport
Management
Modelling
Approaches
Safety culture
Fuelling
3
What are biofuels?
4
What is sustainability?
5
Why should we care about sustainability?
6
Aviation has an impact on CO2 emissions

• Aviation is responsible for an estimated 500
  million tons, or 1, of annual anthropogenic CO2
  emissions. Unchecked, the industry estimates the
  aviation sector will be responsible for over 5
  of global emissions by 2020. (IPCC)
• 80 of CO2 annually emitted by aircraft are from
  those flying more than 1,500 kilometers
• There is no alternative mode of practical
  transport and given the energy density of
  kerosene, there really is no alternative to
  liquid fuel either
• 15.614 billion gallons of jet fuel used in 2009
• 600 million gallons of biofuel a year by 2015
  (The Sustainable Aviation Fuel Group)

7
Technical improvements will not be enough
8
Some business risk are obvious
9
Ignoring the sustainability issues is a business
risk
http//euobserver.com/media/src/d8bb03efb1c25472b3
39f8793a8829f5.jpg
http//www.cannews.com.cn/2012/0313/185752.html
http//www.planestupid.com/actions?page2
10
Governments may ensure that CO2 will not be
ignored
http//www.flyerspulse.com/2012/01/03/european-uni
on-emissions-trading-costs-uk-apd-tax/
11
The aviation industry is active in biojet fuel
development
12
Not all biofuels are created equal

• Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) as defined by
  Quantas
• advanced jet turbine biofuel made from next
  generation biomass sources such as algae,
  municipal waste streams, waste tree oil and
  specially selected types of biomass energy crops
  which do not compete with food crops.
• To be acceptable for commercial use, SAF must
• Be certified in accordance with the aviation
  industry's stringent safety and performance
  requirements
• Have a reduced lifecycle carbon emission compared
  to traditional fossil based jet fuel as well as
  meet comprehensive sustainability criteria
• Be a 'drop-in' alternative to traditional fossil
  based jet fuel to avoid costly redesign of
  engines, airframes or fuel delivery systems.

• http//www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/sustainab
  le-aviation-fuel/global/en
• http//renewablejetfuels.org/

13
Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group (SAFUG)
definition of sustainable biofuel

• Perform as well as, or better than, traditional
  fossil fuel jet kerosene from a technical
  perspective but with a smaller carbon lifecycle
• Use only biomass feedstock sources that minimise
  biodiversity impacts, require minimal land,
  water, and energy to produce
• Not compromise food security
• Not jeopardise drinking water supplies
• Provide socioeconomic value to local communities
  where biomass is grown.

14
EUs definition of sustainable biofuels

• EU Directive 2009/28/EC (Renewable energy
  directive RED) requires
• Proof of sustainability of biomass
• no production from no-go areas (high biodiversity
  or high carbon stocks),
• sustainability of production and operations
• monitor social sustainability and food security
• Raw material should not be obtained from
• wetlands
• continuously forested areas
• from areas with 10-30 canopy cover
• from peatlands
• if the status of the land has changed compared to
  its status in January 2008
• GHG savings
• biofuels and bio-liquids must yield a GHG
  emission savings of at least 35
• (50 from 2017, 60 from production started
  after 2017)
• Traceability and mass balance must be assured

15
What is included in the certification of
sustainable biofuels?
globally harmonized system streamlines
international aviation operations and helps to
drive the adoption of sustainable aviation
biofuel. SAFUG
7. Conservation 8. Soil 9. Water 10. Air 11. Use
of Technologies, Inputs Management of
Wastes 12. Land Rights

• RSB Principles

1. Legality 2. Planning, Monitoring Continuous
Improvement 3. Greenhouse Gases Emissions 4.
Human Labour Rights 5. Rural Social
Development 6. Food Security
16
Sustainability standards related to biomass and
biofuels
Global All biofuels and biomass ISEAL
Global Agricultural farms ISEAL
Global All biofuels and biomass
Global Sugarcane
United States Cellulosic biofuel feedstocks
Global Palm Oil
Global Forest products ISEAL
Global Soy
http//renewablejetfuels.org/what-we-do/sustainabi
lity
17
Baselines How GHG for fuel is calculated can
have consequences
http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S
0921344909000500
http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S
0961953410004071
18
Indirect land-use change (ILUC) may need to be
considered

• Indirect land-use change (ILUC) occurs when the
  production of crops for biofuels in a given land
  pushes the previous activity to another location.
  The use of the new location to place the previous
  activity generates a land-use change attributable
  to the implantation of the biofuel crop. In other
  words, if the crops needed to make a particular
  batch of biofuels crops are grown on uncultivated
  land, this will cause direct land use change. If
  crops grown on existing arable land are used to
  make biofuels instead of food, this will likely
  cause ILUC because of the necessity to replace
  the food. Due to changes in the carbon stock of
  the soil and the biomass, indirect land-use
  change has consequences in the greenhouse gas
  (GHG) balance of a biofuel.
• Climate regions data layer processed on the basis
  of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  classification
• http//ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our-activities/support
  -for-eu-policies/indirect-land-use-change.html
• http//ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our-activities/support
  -for-eu-policies/indirect-land-use-change.html

19
How far can costs be pushed down?
Cost per gallon pyrolysis oil
http//legacy.icao.int/sustaf/Docs/18_RichardAltma
n.pdf
20
Trade or will the fuel be used locally?
The potential for international trade in biojet
fuels appears to be high at a blend of 10, the
potential trade of biojet fuel will be between
36.8 and 57.5 Mt by 2050.
http//www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FutureIndustrialB
iorefineries_Report_2010.pdf
IEA report The potential role of biofuels in
commercial air transport - biojetfuel)
21
Sustainable biofuels for the aviation industry
will need support from all stakeholders

• Continued Advancement Needs
• Government support for development of aviation
  biofuel consistent with international trade
  commitments
• Policies designed to accommodate the
  specificities of aviation
• Global harmonised sustainability criteria
• Further research to develop sustainable feed
  stocks

• http//www.safug.org/assets/docs/SAFUG_Brochure.pd
  f

22
Conclusions

• Biofuel sustainability criteria defined by the
  industry are challenging, but needed
• Proving sustainability will require certification
  and traceability systems new systems and added
  costs compared to fossil fuels
• Costs current estimates are ca 2.8-3.7
  USD/gallon (0.74-0.97 /litre) (Bauen et al.,
  (2009))
• Still a great degree of uncertainty over its
  production costs as aviation biofuels are not
  currently being produced on a commercial scale
• There is no silver bullet and it is imperative
  that policy makers, governments, universities,
  airlines, farmers, refineries and RD work
  together to tackle the fuel problems of the
  aviation industry. Major advances are also
  necessary in relation to logistics, regulatory
  frameworks, quality control management and
  adoption of appropriate sustainability
  certifications. (IEA report The potential role
  of biofuels in commercial air transport -
  biojetfuel)

23
Sustainability
Being able to understand and manage
sustainability risks and opportunities is
essential to the success of organisations in the
aviation industry.  

• DNVs Sustainability services in aviation
  include
• Sustainability strategy development
• Corporate Sustainability risk assessment
• Certification of biofuels
• Quality and traceability systems
• Sustainability management and performance
  benchmarking
• Integrated HSEQ management systems
• HSEQ assessment, auditing and certification

• Greenhouse gas emissions monitoring,
  management, reporting and verification
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Stakeholder management and communication
• Sustainability reporting advice and assurance
• Supply chain risk management
• Business continuity and crisis management

24
Safeguarding life, property and the
environment www.dnv.com