Recent Developments on Multimedia and Secure Networking Technologies

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• ???
• ???? ????
• ???? ????
• ???? ????

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1. Watermarking
2. Image authentication
3. Secret sharing
4. Visual cryptography
5. Steganography

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Watermarking

• Visible watermarking
• Easy to embed
• Clear to see watermark

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Watermarking (Cont.)

• Invisible watermarking
• Requirements
• Good visual quality of watermarked image
• Robustness

Watermarking
Watermarked image
Original image
Watermark
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Image authentication

• Requirements
• Detect the tampered area
• Try to restore the tampered area

Tampered image
Detected image
Restored image
Image
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Secret sharing

• Classification
• Meaningless shadows
• Meaningful shadows

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Secret sharing (Cont.)
Sharing
Shadow size 256 ? 256
Image size 512 ? 512
Reconstructing
(2,4)-threshold secret sharing scheme
PSNR24 dB
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Secret sharing (Cont.)
Reconstructing
Hiding
Stego-image
Reconstructed secret image
Secret image
Stego-image
(2, n)-threshold secret sharing scheme
Stego-image
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Visual cryptography
Stacking
Shadow 1
Shadow 2
Secret
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
shadow1
cover image1
stego image1
cover image2
stego image2
shadow2
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
stego image1
stego image2
stacked result
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
shadow1
cover image1
stego image1
cover image2
stego image2
shadow2
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
stego image1
stego image2
stacked result
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)-Meaningful and
Progressive

• Meaningful shares friendly content
• Progressive visual cryptography
• Improve the stacked result progressively

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Visual cryptography (Cont.) -Progressive Visual
Cryptography (t, 6)
(2, 6)
(3, 6)
(4, 6)
(5, 6)
(6, 6)
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Visual cryptography (Cont.) -Experimental Results
(2, 6)
(3, 6)
(4, 6)
(5, 6)
(6, 6)
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
Stacking
Shadow 1
Shadow 2
Secret
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)-Authentication
Participant 1
Share 1
Recovered secret image
Participant 2
Share 2
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
Share 1
Share 2
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
Tampered share 1
Share 2
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
Rotating 40o
Stacking
Stacking
Share 2
Share 1
Secret 1 VISUAL
Secret 2 SECRET
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Steganography

• The targets
• Frequency domain (e.g. DCT, DWT, DFT)
• Spatial domain (e.g. pixel values)
• Compression domain (e.g. VQ)
• Text
• Restoration
• Irreversible
• Reversible

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Steganography (Cont.)

• Image

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Steganography (Cont.) -Kim et al.s Method

9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
8 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
2 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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Kim et al.s Method (Embedding)
5 8 8 3 4 8 7 6
8 6 7 7 8 3 1 2
6 3 5 6 8 2 1 5
6 5 4 7 3 5 2 8
6 5 4 3 2 1 5 1
1 2 5 1 3 4 1 6
8 2 3 3 1 6 4 5
1 8 7 5 3 2 6 3

9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
8 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
2 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cover Image
Cover Image
6 9 7 3 9 8 7 6
8 9 7 7 9 3 1 2
6 3 5 6 8 2 1 5
6 5 4 7 9 5 2 8
6 5 9 3 2 1 5 1
1 2 5 1 3 4 1 6
8 2 9 3 9 6 4 5
1 8 7 5 3 2 6 9

Stego Image
Stego Image
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Kim et al.s Method (Embedding)
6 9 7 3 9 8 7 6
8 9 7 7 9 3 1 2
6 3 5 6 8 2 1 5
6 5 4 7 9 5 2 8
6 5 9 3 2 1 5 1
1 2 5 1 3 4 1 6
8 2 9 3 9 6 4 5
1 8 7 5 3 2 6 9

9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
8 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
2 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Stego Image
Stego Image

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Zhang and Wangs Method(Embedding)
8 7 9 4
79 54 55 11
20 21 12 24
12 10 10 9
Secret data 1000 1011
p2
255
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
10002 1 35














11
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

10
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0
Cover image

9
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
3

8
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1

7
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
4

6
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

7 7 10 4



5
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0

4
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
3

3
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1

2
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
4

1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

0
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0
Stego image
p1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
255

Magic Matrix
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Zhang and Wangs Method (Extracting)
p2
7 7 10 4



255
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1














11
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

10
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0

9
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
3

8
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1
Stego image

7
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
4

6
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

5
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0

4
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
3

3
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1

2
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
4

1 35
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2

0
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
0
p1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
255

Magic Matrix
Extracted secret data 10002
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Sudoku

• A logic-based number placement puzzle

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Sudoku (Cont.)

• A Sudoku grid contains nine 3 3 matrices, each
  contains different digits from 1 to 9.
• Each row and each column of a Sudoku grid also
  contain different digits from 1 to 9.

• Property

Possible solutions 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960
(i.e. 6.6711021)
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Data Hiding Using Sudoku
- 1
Reference Matrix M
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Data Hiding Using Sudoku (Embedding) (Cont.)
8 7 11 12
79 54 55 11
20 21 12 24
12 10 10 9
Secret data 011 001 10
279
Cover Image
min.
d( , ) ((8-8)2(4-7)2)1/23 d( , )
((9-8)2(7-7)2)1/21 d( , )
((6-8)2(8-7)2)1/22.24
9 7



Stego Image
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Data Hiding Using Sudoku (Embedding) (Cont.)
8 7 11 12
79 54 55 11
20 21 12 24
12 10 10 9
Secret data 011 001 10
279
Cover Image
d( , ) ((11-11)2(15-12)2)1/23 d( , )
((15-11)2(12-12)2)1/24 d( , )
((9-11)2(14-12)2)1/22.83
min.
9 7 9 14



Stego Image
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Data Hiding Using Sudoku (Extracting) (Cont.)
9 7 9 14



Stego Image
Extracted data 279 011 0012
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Experimental Results
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Steganography (Cont.)

• Text
• ???? ???
• ????? ????
• ???? ???
• ????? ????
• ?????? ?????
• ????? ????
• ????? ????
• Video
• Sound

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Synonym substitution
0 wonderful 1 decent 2 fine 3 great 4
nice
Taichung is a
0 city 1 town
little
Secret message (3)5(1)2
Taichung is a great little town
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Information hiding in hypertext
Secret message
Embedding
Secret key
Extraction
Secret message
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Information hiding in hypertext
Secret 010110
0
Tags
text file
lthtmlgt ltheadgt ltmeta http-equiv"Content-Type"
content"text/html charsetbig5"gt lttitlegt
??????????? lt/titlegt lt/headgt ltbody
bgcolor"D27D1O"gt ltp align"center"gtltimg
border"0" src"msn.jpg" width"338"
height"345"gtlt/pgt ltp align"center"gtltfont
face"???" color"f4efe8" size"7"gt????lt/fontgtlt
/pgt lt/bodygt lt/htmlgt
ltMETA
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Information hiding in hypertext
text file
lthtmlgt ltheadgt ltmeta http-equiv"Content-Type"
content"text/html charsetbig5"gt lttitlegt
??????????? lt/titlegt lt/headgt ltbody
bgcolor"D27D1O"gt ltp align"center"gtltimg
border"0" src"msn.jpg" width"338"
height"345"gtlt/pgt ltp align"center"gtltfont
face"???" color"f4efe8" size"7"gt????lt/fontgtlt
/pgt lt/bodygt lt/htmlgt
ltHTMLgt
ltMETA
ltbody
ltp
lt/HTMLgt
Secret 010110
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Text steganography in chat

• Shirali-Shahreza, M.H., Shirali-Shahreza,
  M., Text Steganography in Chat, Proceedings of
  the Third IEEE/IFIP International Conference in
  Central Asia on Internet the Next Generation of
  Mobile, Wireless and Optical Communications
  Networks, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Sep. 2007, pp.
  1-5.

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Text steganography in chat
SMS-Texting
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Text steganography in chat

• Usual abbreviated words

• univ. ? university
• PC ? Personal Computer
• M.S. ? master of science
• UN ? United Nations
• Dr ? doctor

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Text steganography in chat

• SMS list abbreviated words list
• ? Check list
• 0 ? full form, 1 ? abbreviated form

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Text steganography in chat

• Embedding
• Please call me when you
  feel upset.
• 
  secret 10
• Please CM when you
  feel upset.
• Extracting
• Please CM when you feel
  upset.

Check list
secret bits 10
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Thanks for your listening