Conservation values and Ethics (????????)

1
Conservation values and Ethics (????????)

• ??? (Ayo)
• ?????? ??????? ??
• ??????? ??
• Japalura_at_hotmail.com

2
Contents

• The value of biodiversity (????????)
• Instrumental value
• Intrinsic value
• Monetizing the value of biodiversity
• Conservation Ethics (?????)
• Essay 4.1 our duties to endangered species
• Essay 4.2 Monks, temples, and trees the spirit
  of diversity
• Essay 4.3 The importance of value systems in
  management
• Case study 4.1 Cypress forest conservation on
  Taiwan a question of value

3
The value of biodiversity

• Environmental philosophers customarily divide
  value into two main types, instrumental or
  utilitarian and intrinsic or inherent.
• The view that biodiversity has value only as a
  means to human ends is called anthropocentric.
• The view that biodiversity is valuable simply
  because it exists, independently of its use to
  human beings, is called biocentric or ecocentric.

4
Instrumental value

• Four basic categories goods, services,
  information, and psycho-spiritual (Table 4.1)

5
(No Transcript)
6
Intrinsic value

• The sorts of things that may possess intrinsic
  value
• Whether intrinsic value exists objectively or is
  subjectively conferred.
• Value in the philosophical sense
• Biocentric environmental philosophers
• organism is self-organizing and self-directed.

7
Nortons convergence hypothesis

• Anthropocentric instrumental values
  non-anthropocentric intrinsic value conserve
  biodiversity

8
Burden of proof according to instrumental and
intrinsic value systems (Fig. 4.2)

• When biodiversity is only instrumentally valuable
• Burden of proof ?? conservationists
• When biodiversity is intrinsically as well as
  instrumentally valuable
• Burden of proof ?? developers

9
Monetizing the value of biodiversity

• The tragedy of the commons (Hardin, 1968)
• Holmes Rolston III provides an alternative
  perspective in Essay 4.1
• Essay 4.1 Our duties to endangered species
• Safe minimum standard (SMS), Bishop (1978)
• Assumes that biodiversity has incalculable value
  and should be conserved unless the cost of doing
  so is prohibitively high (Fig. 4.3).

10
CBA vs. SMS (Fig. 4.3, p.119)

• Standard cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
• Burden of proof ? conservation
• Safe minimum standard (SMS)
• Burden of proof ? development

11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
Conservation Ethics (Table 4.2, p.120)

• Anthropocentrism
• In the western religious and philosophical
  tradition, only human beings are worthy of
  ethical consideration.
• All other things are regarded as mere means to
  human ends.
• The Judeo-Christian stewardship conservation
  ethic
• Diversity is Gods property, and we, who bear the
  relationship to it of strangers(???) and
  sojourners (???), have no right to destroy it.

14
Conservation Ethics (Table 4.2, p.120)

• Traditional non-western environmental ethics
• Muslim (Islam) (??), Hinduism(???), Jainism
  (???), Confucianism (??), Daoism (??) (Table 4.3)
• Biocentrism (??????)
• Life-centered environmental ethics
• All living things are of equal inherent worth
  (Taylor, 1986) (Fig. 4.6, p.127)
• Ecocentrism (??????)

15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
Biocentrism (??????)

• Rolstons biocentrism
• All individual organisms baseline intrinsic value
  ? Sentient animals ? self-conscious human beings
• Species ? ecological systems ? wholes
• Taylors biocentrism
• Equal intrinsic valueself-conscious human
  beings, sentient animals, invertebrates, plants,
  bacteria,

18
Ecocentrism

• Leopold land ethic
• Changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror
  of the land community to plain member and citizen
  of it.
• A thing is right when it tends to preserve the
  integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic
  community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.

19
Fig. 4.7 Leopold land ethic
20
Supplements

• Essay 4.1 our duties to endangered species
• Essay 4.2 Monks, temples, and trees the spirit
  of diversity
• Essay 4.3 The importance of value systems in
  management
• Case study 4.1 Cypress forest conservation on
  Taiwan a question of value

21
?????
http//mail.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng/