Vroom

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VroomsNormative Decision Model
(Leader-Participation Model)

• Helps gauge the appropriate amount of
  participation for subordinates
• 5 levels of leader participation styles ranging
  from highly autocratic to highly democratic.

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VroomsNormative Decision Model Styles

• A1 Leader makes decision alone
• A2 Leader obtains information from
  subordinates, then makes decision alone
• C1 Leader obtains suggestions from subordinates
  individually, then makes decision alone
• C2 Leader obtains suggestions from subordinates
  collectively, then makes decision alone
• G Decision by group consensus

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Vroom Model

• Participation is permitted primarily to
• Enhance Decision Quality
• Foster Subordinate Morale
• Or Both
• Series of questions asked about the situation
  (leader expertise, importance of subordinate
  commitment, etc.)

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Trends Toward Greater Participation by
Lower-Level Employees

• Downsizing
• Education
• Technology
• Deregulation
• Globalization

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Creative Organizations

• Selection Creative people identified by past
  achievements, tests
• Free time to create
• Freedom to choose problems
• Low Bureaucracy
• Long-time orientation
• Tolerate Failures
• Reward Successes

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Creative People

• Background Knowledge
• Curiosity
• Open-mindedness
• Self-Confidence
• Not afraid to be different
• Persistence
• Relaxed and playful attitude

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TYPES OF GROUPS/TEAMS
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Team

• Unit of people with
• common Goals
• Dependence on each other
• Usually means
• Cross-Functional composition
• Some degree of Self-Management

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Survey What Self-Managing Teams Manage
Percentage of Companies in which
Self-ManagingTeams Perform These Management
Functions.
Schedule work assignments 67Work with outside
customers 67Conduct training 59Set
production goals/quotas 56Work with
suppliers/vendors 44Purchase
equipment/services 43Develop budgets 39Do
performance appraisals 36Hire
co-workers 33Fire co-workers 14
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Potential Benefits of Teams

• Superior performance
• Motivation/Satisfaction of members
• Learning from others

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Potential Costs of Teams

• Time consumption
• Conflict
• Social Loafing

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Social Loafing

• More of a problem in traditionally
  individualistic cultures (e.g., U.S.)
• Recommendations
• Form Smaller Teams
• Have Individually-Assigned Tasks
• Measure Individual Performance
• Include peer evaluations