Title: Clean and Sustainable Energy
11
Economic Recovery Federal Climate Policy
Updates, Opportunities, Resources for Local
Governments
Emma Zinsmeister State and Local Climate and
Energy Program Office of Atmospheric
Programs ICLEI Southeast Regional
Workshop September 17, 2009 Loudermilk Center,
Atlanta, GA
2Outline
2
- Economic Recovery
- Status Update on Federal Climate Policy
- EPA Resources and Partnership Programs
- Funding Opportunities
3Economic Recovery
3
- American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
2009 - 787 Billion - One-time, unprecedented level of spending
- Tremendous Opportunity
- Consider energy efficiency (EE), climate
protection, and green workforce development in
ALL ARRA spending - ARRA provides an excellent opportunity for
local governments to build the foundation of
EE/climate programs and prepare for potential
greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations in the future
4- Status Update on Federal Climate Policy
5Status Update on Federal Climate Policy
5
- Multiple activities are ongoing that may
contribute to GHG regulation and climate policy
at the federal level - Proposed Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule
- Proposed Endangerment Finding
- American Clean Energy and Security Act 2009
(Waxman-Markey) - Senate Energy Climate Bills
- What does all of this mean for local governments?
6Proposed Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule
6
- Background
- FY08 Omnibus Appropriations Act Required EPA to
develop and publish a rule requiring mandatory
reporting of greenhouse gas emissions above
appropriate thresholds in all sectors of the
economy. - In order to develop a strong proposal, EPA met
with over 250 stakeholder groups, including trade
associations, industries, states, and state- and
region-based groups. - Status
- March 10, 2009 EPA Administrator signed
proposed rule to collect accurate and
comprehensive emissions data from large sources
in the U.S. to inform future policy decisions. - April 10, 2009 Proposed rule published in the
Federal Register and was open for public comment
until June 9, 2009 (60 days). - Public hearings held in Arlington, VA (April 6-7)
and Sacramento, CA (April 16). - Currently under OMB review
7Proposed Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule
(contd)
7
- Local Government Outreach Input
- March 10 August 25, 2009 EPA staff met with
over 150 local and state governments, regional
and tribal organizations, and environmental- and
state-based NGOs. - Information sharing through conferences,
webinars, and EPA Region-led initiatives. - Approx. 45 of 16,800 comments on rule from
local/state governments and local/state based
groups. - POTENTIAL Impact on Local Governments
- Local Governments could be required to submit an
annual GHG report for any facility they own or
operate that is subject to the rule. - Landfills and stationary combustion equipment are
the types of facilities owned or operated by
locals that would most likely trigger
applicability. - However, rule is still under review and nothing
is certain at this time.
8Proposed Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule
(contd)
8
- Next Steps
- Completion of OMB review finalization of rule
- Congressional review
- Publication in Federal Register
- Outreach, education, and training by EPA
- Aiming for reporting period to begin Jan. 1, 2010
9Proposed Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule
(contd)
9
- More information
- Website www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ghgru
lemaking.html - Guide for state local agencies, text of
proposed rule 2 page fact sheet, regulatory
impact analysis, technical support documents,
guidance sheets for each subpart, FAQs - Coming soon Training schedule (once rule is
finalized) - Contact for general questions Kitty Sibold
- sibold.katherine_at_epa.gov
- (202) 343-9280
10Endangerment Finding
10
- Background
- April 2, 2007 In Massachusetts v. EPA, the
Supreme Court found that greenhouse gases are air
pollutants covered by the Clean Air Act. - EPA was required determine whether
- GHG emissions from new motor vehicles cause or
contribute to air pollution - This air pollution may reasonably be anticipated
to endanger public health or welfare or - The science is too uncertain to make a reasoned
decision.
11Endangerment Finding (contd)
11
- Status
- April 17, 2009 Administrator signed a proposal
with two distinct findings regarding greenhouse
gases under section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act - Proposed Endangerment Finding Current and
projected concentrations of the mix of six key
GHGs in the atmosphere threaten the public health
and welfare. - Cause or Contribute Finding Combined emissions
of CO2, CH4, N2O, and HFCs from new motor
vehicles and motor vehicle engines contribute to
the atmospheric concentrations of these key GHGs
and hence to the threat of climate change. - April 24, 2009 Proposed endangerment finding
was published in the Federal Register and open
for public comment until June 23, 2009 (60 days). - Public hearings held in Arlington, VA (May 18)
and Seattle, WA (May 21). - Currently reviewing public comments
12Endangerment Finding (contd)
12
- Local Government Input
- Approx. 400,000 comments were received from a
variety of entities, including local and state
governments. - Impact on Local Governments
- This action, if finalized, does NOT impose any
requirements on industry or other entities. - The proposed endangerment finding is NOT
accompanied by a proposed standard for GHG
regulation. - It does NOT impose any timetable for issuing
regulations. - It does NOT indicate that EPA has made any final
decisions about regulating GHGs under the Clean
Air Act.
13Endangerment Finding (contd)
13
- Next Steps
- Complete review of public comments issue
response document - Finalize the technical report on science
emissions data - Finalize the finding no set timeline
- More Information
- Website http//epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment
.html - Text of proposed endangerment finding 2 page
fact sheet, technical support document, 2 page
summary of supporting science, FAQs - Contact for general questions
- ghgendangerment_at_epa.gov
- (202) 343-9927
14American Clean Energy and Security Act
2009Waxman-Markey
- Background
- Comprehensive national climate and energy
legislation authored by Reps. Henry Waxman (D-CA)
and Edward Markey (D-MA). - Would establish an economy-wide, GHG
cap-and-trade system and critical complementary
measures to help address climate change and build
a clean energy economy by - Incentivizing reductions in GHG emissions
- Advancing energy efficiency and reducing reliance
on oil - Stimulating innovation in clean coal technology
- Accelerating use of renewable energy (RE)
sources and - Creating strong demand for clean energy
technologies and assisting economic recovery and
job growth. - Status
- March 31, 2009 Discussion draft released.
- May 15, 2009 Final draft introduced to Energy
and Commerce Committee. - May 21, 2009 Markup and amendments completed
passed by committee. - June 26, 2009 Approved by the House by a vote
of 219-212. - July 6, 2009 Placed on Senate calendar.
15American Clean Energy and Security Act 2009
Waxman-Markey (contd)
- Potential Relevance to Local Governments
- Renewable Energy - requires electric utilities to
meet 20 of their electricity demand through RE
(75 minimum) and EE by 2020. - Smart Grid Technology - promotes deployment and
transmission planning and siting. - Building Codes - requires new buildings to be 30
more efficient in 2012 and 50 more efficient in
2016. - Cap and Trade requires major U.S. sources to
reduce GHG emissions 17 by 2020, 42 by 2030 and
83 by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. - Establishes a system of tradable emissions
allowances. - Allows up to 2 billion tons of offsets annually
for compliance system wide. - Revenue from sale of allowances will be used for
a variety of purposes, such as protecting
consumers from energy price increases, supporting
domestic adaptation initiatives, and establishing
an EE and RE Worker Training Fund.
16American Clean Energy and Security Act 2009
Waxman-Markey (contd)
- More Information
- House of Reps. summary of key provisions
http//energycommerce.house.gov/Press_111/20090724
/hr2454_housesummary.pdf - EPA - economic analyses http//www.epa.gov/climat
echange/economics/pdfs/HR2454_Analysis.pdf - Pew Center on Global Climate Change
- Potential impacts on agriculture
http//www.pewclimate.org/federal/what-waxman-mark
ey-does-for-agriculture - Potential impacts on coal
- http//www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/what-waxman-
markey-does-for-coal-sept2009.pdf - Other resources http//www.pewclimate.org/acesa
- Climate Communities presentations on cap and
trade http//climatecommunities.us/federalissues.
html\
17Senate Energy Climate Bills
17
- In contrast to the House of Representatives, the
Senate is working on separate energy and climate
bills. - The American Clean Energy and Leadership Act of
2009 was passed by the Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources on June 17, 2009. - Contains significant energy efficiency provisions
including greatly strengthened building codes, a
renewable electricity standard with an EE
component, and new energy efficient product
standards. - Sets no GHG reduction requirements.
- Climate Bill Sens. Barbara Boxer (D-CA) and
John Kerry (D-MA) plan to introduce bill into
committees this month for markup. - Resulting bill will likely be combined with ACSLA
to create the Senate counterpart to
Waxman-Markey. - If the Senate passes this combined bill,
differences between the Senate and House bills
will have to be reconciled. A final bill will
have to be passed by both sides of Congress
before going to President Obama for signature.
18What does all of this mean for local governments?
18
- The outcome of the ongoing regulatory and
legislative processes will determine if federal
regulation of GHGs will occur under the CAA,
through a cap and trade program, or not at all. - Due to the rapid pace at which climate policy is
evolving, it is challenging, yet critical, to
stay abreast of the implications for local
governments. - EPA has numerous tools, resources, and
communication channels to assist local
governments with program development and
interpreting the federal regulatory landscape. - The time is now for local governments to put into
place strong EE and climate protection programs
and take advantage ARRA and other funding
opportunities.
19- EPA Resources and Partnership Programs
20EPA Local Climate and Energy Program Goals
- Assist localities (e.g., regional governments,
counties, municipalities, and small communities)
to - Identify credible information on key climate
strategies - Reduce greenhouse gas emissions while achieving
multiple benefits - Understand, integrate, and maximize multiple
benefits in planning and designing cost-effective
programs - Learn from peer to peer exchange
21EPA Local Climate and Energy Program Approach
- Multiple Benefits Framework for Climate - Clean
Energy - Local Governments can achieve
- Air quality improvements
- Greenhouse gas emission reductions
- Energy security and reliability
- Economic development
- Public health
- Quality of life
Clean Energy Energy Efficiency, Renewable
Energy, Clean Distributed Generation
22Roadmap for Locals Achieving GHG Reductions
using EPA Tools
Create Collaboratives
Local Clean Energy Strategies Guide, Peer
Exchanges
Establish Goals
Clean Air Climate Protection Software, eGRID
Clean Energy Resources Database, Clean
Energy/Climate Policy Maps, SEP Toolkit, Heat
Island Actions Database, Heat Island Compendium,
Local Clean Energy Strategies Guide, Local
Government Webcasts, ENERGY STAR, other EPA
Partnerships
Identify Policies Programs
COBRA, GHG Equivalency Calculator, Local
Government Webcasts, LBE Guide, Multiple Benefits
Guide, Biomass Toolkit
Design Analyze
Implement Evaluate Progress
MV Guidance, ENERGY STAR Benchmarking /
Portfolio Manager, Clean Energy/Climate Policy
Maps, GHG Equivalency Calculator
23Key Programmatic Resources
- Local Clean Energy Strategies Guides
www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-
local/local-best-practices.html - Local Clean Energy Webcasts www.epa.gov/cleanenerg
y/energy-programs/state-and-local/webcast.html - Clean Energy Resources Database for Local
Governments http//cfpub.epa.gov/ceird/index.cfm?f
useactionlocal.search_js
24Local Clean Energy Strategies Guides
- 15 strategies in 4 areas
- Energy Efficiency
- Energy Supply
- Transportation
- Urban Planning and Design
- Available draft guides
- Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing Green
Power Procurement - Energy Efficient Product Procurement On-site
Renewables - Combined Heat and Power Landfill Gas to
Energy - Energy Efficiency in Municipal Operations
- Future guides
- Energy Efficiency in K-12 Schools
- Transportation Control Measures
- Efficient Fleets
- Smart Growth
- http//www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-prog
rams/state-and-local/local-best-practices.html
25Sample Content Local Climate and Energy Guides
- On-Site Renewable Energy Generation Guide
- Snapshot of renewable energy measures and
technologies content - Wind
- Solar
- Geothermal
- Biomass
- Landfill gas and other biogas
- Solid waste (waste-to-energy)
- Low-impact hydropower
- Fuel cells
- Energy Efficiency in Municipal Operations Guide
- Snapshot of planning and design approaches to
energy efficiency content - Improving energy efficiency in existing and new
local government facilities - Incorporating energy efficiency in new and
renovated green buildings - Improving energy efficiency in local government
operations
www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-
local/local-best-practices.html
26Local Clean Energy Peer Exchange Webcasts,
Listserv
- Webcasts www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/
state-and-local/webcast.html - Monthly webcasts provide
- An overview of the relevant EPA programs and
resources - Presentations by 1-2 local practitioners about
their experiences implementing similar projects - Q and A sessions
- Webcasts are posted online and can be used as
resource - Examples of past webcasts include
- ARRA 2009 Clean Energy Opportunities
- Landfill Gas to Energy
- Green Power Procurement
- Energy Efficiency Procurement
- Upcoming webcasts topics include
- Energy efficiency in K-12 schools, Transportation
Control Measures, Combined Heat and Power, Clean
Energy Workforce Development - Listserv to sign up, visit for more information
- www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-an
d-local/listserv.html - Provides information on new policy developments
highlights technology advances shares
information on new studies, reports, and upcoming
events and notes new funding opportunities
27EPA Guidance links Recovery Funds with Energy
Programs
- ARRA 2009 A Guide to Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficiency Incentives for Local and Tribal
Governments - Companion March 5, 2009 webcast recording
available online - http//www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/sta
te-and-local/webcast.html - ARRA 2009 State and Local Guide to U.S. EPA
Climate and Energy Program Resources
http//epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-a
nd-local - Information about Tax Credits
- www.energystar.gov/taxcredits
- Portfolio Manager Implementation Resources
http//www.energystar.gov/benchmark - Rapid Deployment Energy Efficiency Toolkit
http//epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/napee/i
ndex.html
28EPA Partnership Opportunities for Locals
- Help Local Governments
- Learn from Best Practices
- Emphasize Co-Benefits
- Integrate Planning
- Prioritize EE as a Resource
- These programs offer
- Direct Technical Support
- Peer Exchange
- Tools and Guidance
Collision Repair Campaign
29Key EPA Climate and Energy Programs
- Local Climate and Energy Program
http//epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-a
nd-local/local.html - ENERGY STAR for local governments
http//www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?cgovernment.b
us_government_local - ENERGY STAR Residential Program
www.energystar.gov/homeimprovement - Combined Heat and Power http//epa.gov/chp/
- Green Power Partnership http//www.epa.gov/greenp
ower - Landfill Methane Outreach Program
http//epa.gov/lmop/ - Smart Growth Program http//epa.gov/smartgrowth
- Heat Island Reduction Program http//epa.gov/heat
island/ - Office of Transportation and Air Quality
http//www.epa.gov/otaq/
30White House Council on Environmental Quality
(CEQ)Recovery Through Retrofit
- On May 26, 2009, at a meeting of the Middle Class
Task Force, Vice President Biden asked - "the Council on Environmental Quality to report
back to the Task Force in 90 days with proposals
that expand green jobs opportunities, and boost
energy savings for the middle class." - 13 federal agencies (EPA, DOE, DOL, DoEd, HUD,
etc.) have been meeting regularly to develop an
action plan for Recovery through Retrofit
weatherization / EE retrofits of 1 million homes
per year - Demand creation financing
- Workforce capacity
- Innovation
- Draft report presented to Middle Class Task Force
August 21, 2009 - Final to be released October 2009 with specific
proposals for collaboration, action steps,
funding
31HUD-DOT-EPASustainable Communities Partnership
- March 2009 HUD and DOT establish partnership
- June 2009 EPA Joins partnership principles
established - September 17-18 Secretaries Dononvan and LaHood
and Administrator Jackson tour sustainable
communities (Chicago, IL Denver, CO and
Dubuque, IA) - Sustainable Community Principles
- Provide more transportation choices
- Promote equitable, affordable housing
- Enhance economic competitiveness
- Support existing communities
- Coordinate policies and leverage investment
- Value communities and neighborhoods
32ENERGY STAR
- Joint program of U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE helping
save money and protect the environment through
energy efficient products and practices. - Cost-free climate protection / energy efficiency
resources - Tools to benchmark and track energy performance
in buildings - Energy Management Guidelines
- Assistance for architects on designing energy
efficient buildings - Case studies and best practices from leaders
- Calculators to track returns on energy efficiency
investments - Onsite and Online Training Sessions
- Materials to communicate with citizens,
employees, stakeholders, and the media about
energy efficiency efforts. - How can local governments benefit from ENERGY
STAR - Sign up for the Energy Star Challenge
- Benchmark government buildings
- Reduce energy use in homes
- www.energystar.gov
33The ENERGY STAR Challenge
- The ENERGY STAR Challenge encourages everyone to
improve the energy efficiency of Americas
buildings by 10 or more. - Off-the-shelf campaign and tools to promote
energy efficiency in your community - More than 150 cities and counties have signed on
- In a typical city or county, local government
operations may account for only 5 of greenhouse
gas emissionsengaging the private and residental
sector is critical. - Louisville, KY
- Lead by example and improve the energy efficiency
of your own buildings. - Promote energy efficiency to constituents.
- Sign up online and access the
- toolkit at www.energystar.gov/challenge
34Home Performance with ENERGY STAR
- Sponsored by a utility, state or local government
- A network of specially-trained contractors
- Evaluate homes using state-of-the-art equipment
- Recommend comprehensive energy improvements
- Ready to complete the work or refer to someone
who can - Quality assurance program checks work of
participating contractors to verify program
standards are met - Homeowner chooses and pays for improvements based
on credible information - www.energystar.gov/homeimprovement
35ENERGY STAR for Buildings
- Offers proven solutions to help building owners
and managers reduce energy consumption - Program for new construction and existing
buildings - Works in markets with a focus on
- Public sector (government, K-12, higher ed)
- Healthcare
- Small business and congregations
- Commercial property (offices, retail, hotels)
- Provides free online benchmarking tool for
existing buildings Portfolio Manager - www.energystar.gov/government
36 37Climate Showcase Communities Grant
- 2009 Appropriations Bill
- Administered by Local Climate and Energy Program
- 10M Competitive grant to assist local
communities in pursuing their own climate change
initiatives - Goal is to achieve documentable, replicable GHG
reductions from a range of activities - Program will
- Foster collaborative partnership between
communities and with the Federal government - Ensure federal investments spur local innovation
and produce concrete results - Promote transfer of best practices among
localities - Identify strategies to overcome institutional
barriers to local governments achieving energy
use and GHG reductions - Solicitation period closed in July
- Grantees will be awarded in January 2010
- http//www.epa.gov/RDEE/energy-programs/state-an
d-local/showcase.html
38Climate Showcase Communities Connections with
ARRA Funding
- Focus and Goals
- ARRA funds for energy reductions, implementation
only - Showcase Grants focus on GHG reductions (broader
than energy), planning through implementation - Timelines
- ARRA funds already being distributed, must be
spent within 18 months (by 12/2010), forces
emphasis on shovel ready - Showcase Grants funds available 1/2010, 2-3
year project periods, allows longer-term
planning, assessment, education, evaluation - Support and Peer Exchange
- ARRA limited direct support available (due to
volume), no identified mechanisms for
peer-to-peer exchange, no replicability
requirement - Showcase Grants hands-on technical support and
training for all recipients, multiple
peer-exchange venues, replicability is goal - ARRA and Showcase Grants Serve as Complements
- ARRA allows mass implementation, sows seeds for
long-term change - Showcase Grants grow projects into sustainable,
replicable models of success - Lessons learned from ARRA projects inform
Showcase Communities, serve as additional source
of results and best practices - Coordinating reporting metrics saves effort for
feds and funding recipients
39Green Workforce Development
- Workforce Investment Act (WIA)
- Funds a number of different workforce development
programs, some funding may cover green job
related training - Department of Labor, 3.95 billion ARRA funds
- Training for Careers in Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy - Funding for research, labor exchange, and job
training projects that prepare workers for
careers in energy efficiency and renewable
energy, as described in the 2007 Green Jobs
Amendment to the WIA. - Sets aside 500 million of WIA funds for Green
Jobs - EPA Resources
- State Technical Forum resources include a
background paper, resource list, and case studies
of state and local green job programs.
http//www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/sta
te-and-local/state-forum.htmltwoa
40Open Solicitation under Workforce Investment Act
- Pathways Out of Poverty (SGA/DFA PY 08-19)
- 150 million in grant funds for projects that
provide training and placement services to
provide pathways out of poverty and into
employment within EE and RE industries. - Grantees selected from two separate types of
applicants will be funded through this
solicitation (1) national nonprofit entities
with networks of local affiliates, coalition
members, or other established partners and (2)
local entities. - Intend to fund grants ranging from approximately
3 to 8 million for national grantees, and
grants ranging from approximately 2 to 4
million for local grantees. - Issue Date June 24, 2009
- Closing Date September 29, 2009
- http//www.doleta.gov/grants/pdf/SGA-DFA-PY-08-19
.pdf
41EPA National Clean Diesel Campaign
- Regular EPA grant program received 300 million
ARRA funds - Promotes diesel emissions reduction strategies to
improve air quality and public health
http//www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/ - The State and Local Clean Diesel Toolkit provides
an array of tools and resources for designing,
funding and evaluating programs that reduce
diesel engine emissions http//www.epa.gov/otaq/d
iesel/slt/basicinfo.htm - A special Recovery Act web site for the National
Clean Diesel Campaign is available.
http//www.epa.gov/otaq/eparecovery/index.htm - The Diesel Emission Quantifier (DEQ) helps
estimate cost effectiveness and environmental
impact of emission reduction technologies
http//cfpub.epa.gov/quantifier/ - Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ)
- The OTAQ website contains information on energy
use and emissions associated with different fuels
and technologies. http//www.epa.gov/otaq/ - OTAQs State and Local Resources site offers
tools and information tailored to the needs of
local governments. http//www.epa.gov/otaq/statere
sources - Local Climate and Energy Program
- Strategy Guide on Efficient Fleets, coming soon
http//www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/sta
te-and-local/local-best-practices.html
42EPA Brownfields Program
42
- Regular solicitations
- Assessment Grants http//www.epa.gov/brownfields/
assessment_grants.htm - Revolving Loan Fund Grants http//www.epa.gov/bro
wnfields/rlflst.htm - Cleanup grants http//www.epa.gov/brownfields/clea
nup_grants.htm - Job Training Grants http//www.epa.gov/brownfield
s/job.htm - Training, Research, and Technical Assistance
Grants http//www.epa.gov/brownfields/trta.htm - EPA collaborates with other federal partners, and
state agencies to identify and make available
resources that can be used for brownfields
activities. EPA also provides technical
information on brownfields financing matters. - EPAs Brownfields Program http//www.epa.gov/brow
nfields/index.html
43Looking Ahead
- Local governments play a key role in climate and
energy issues. - Every day, local governments make decisions that
impact energy security and reliability, air
quality, greenhouse gas emissions, economic
development, public health, and quality of life. - Local policies and programs complement,
supplement, and enforce policies and action by
other levels of government and the private
sector. - Local governments are a high priority of the
current administration. - Administrator Jackson has made communities a top
EPA priority, and the Agency is engaging in a
number of initiatives to support local
governments and champion local interests at the
federal level. - ARRA funds provide a tremendous opportunity for
local governments to build and strengthen EE and
climate protection programs in ways that will
provide benefits beyond the economic recovery
period. - EPA has a number of programs, resources, and
tools to help local governments take advantage of
the opportunities available.
44EPA Local Climate and Energy Contacts
44
- Emma Zinsmeister
- zinsmeister.emma_at_epa.gov
- 202-343-9043
- Neelam R. Patel
- patel.neelam-r_at_epa.gov
- 202-343-9384
- Andrea Denny
- denny.andrea_at_epa.gov
- 202-343-9268
- Main Website
- www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-
local/local.html - State and Local Climate and Energy Listserv
- www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-
local/listserv.html