China

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China
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China in the River Valley Era

• The Hwang He agricultural civilization
• New Technology
• Art Music

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Writing

• Progressed from reading scratch marks on bones
  to ideographic symbols
• ancestor worship

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• Oracle shell Oracle bone

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The Shang Dynasty- 1523-1029 B.C.E

• Constructed tombs and palaces
• Chinese world view one of harmony between man
  and nature
• Life is cyclical

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Shang Dynasty

• The era around 1200 B.C.E. saw the decline or
  collapse of most civilizations in Western Asia,
  Egypt, the eastern Mediterranean, and the Indus
  Valley who were dependant on the same trade
  routes.
• The only area that did not see significant
  decline was China, where the Shang Dynasty
  continued to rule.
• China was not as dependent on Western Asia trade.

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Silk Routes
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Classical Era

• The Zhou (Chou) 1027 to 256 B.C.E.
• The Era of Warring States
  402-201 B.C.E.
• The Qin 221 B.C.E. - 202 B.C.E.
• The Han 202 B.C.E 220 C.E.

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Classical China

• A difference between river-valley civilizations
  and classical civilizations and was that in
  classical civilizations political organizations
  were more elaborate
• A difference between river-valley civilizations
  and classical is that religious sacrifice was
  suppressed in the classical civilizations

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Zhou (Chou) Dynasty
1029-256 B.C.E.

• This dynasty flourished until about 700 B.C.E
  when it was beset by decline in its
  infrastructure and frequent invasions by nomadic
  peoples from border regions.

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Zhou (Chou) Dynasty 1029-256
B.C.E.
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The Zhou extended the territory of China from the
Hwang Ho River Valley by taking over the Yang-tze
River Valley and this became known as Middle
Kingdom.Wheat was grown in the North rice in
the SouthThis agriculture diversity promoted
population growth.
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Zhou Dynasty

• Promoted linguistic unity Mandarin Chinese
• Increasing cultural unity helps explain why,
  when the Zhou empire did began to fail, scholars
  were able to use philosophical ideas to lesson
  the impact of growing political confusion.

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Zhou Dynasty

• Political concept known as the mandate from
  heaven. The dynasty members were known as Sons
  of Heaven.

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The Era of Warring States 402-201 B.C.E.

• Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism originated as
  responses to societal problems during the time of
  disruption

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Daoism

• Lao-tzu
• the way of nature

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Legalism

• Legalist disdained Confucian virtues in favor of
  authoritarian state that was ruled by force. For
  legalists, human nature was evil and required
  restraint and discipline- the army would control
  and the people labor- in the perfect state.

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Kung Fu-tse
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Confucius

• Kung Fu-tse or Confucius, c. 551 to 478 B.C.E.,
  lived during the Era of Warring States Period
  between the Zhou and Han Dynasties, a time of
  political chaos.
• Confucianism is a system of ethics and was
  recorded in a book called Analects
• Hierarchical vision for society some had
  authority, some obeyed their superiors
• Harmony within relationships, particular those in
  the family

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The Chinese government accepted Daoism because

• Daoist did not have great political ambition
• Daoist came to acknowledge the Son of Heaven
• Daoism provided spiritual insights for many in
  the upper class
• belief in balance harmony

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Confucianism

• Established a hierarchy and insisted upon
  reciprocal duties between people
• In official Chinese hierarchy, merchants ranked
  below students, peasants, artisans, soldiers.
• The lowest people were the mean people
• Educated bureaucratic elite, peasants,
  artisans,soldiers, merchants, mean-pople

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Culture

• Ceremony became an important part of upper-class
  Chinese life because the Chinese believed that
  people should restrain crude impulses.

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Key Features of Chinese Family Life

• Ancestor Worship for the upper class that
  emphasized tight family values and structures
• Gender hierarchy
• Parent-child hierarchy
• Discipline

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Qin Dynasty China
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Qin Dynasty.

• Qin Shih Huangdi, First Emperor
• Qin conferred the name China to the region
• He realized that Chinas problem lay in the
  regional power of the aristocrats, like many
  later centralizers in world history, i.e.
  Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV

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Qin Shih Huangdi

• Provided a single law code for the whole empire
  and established a uniform tax system
• Delegated special areas and decisions to the
  emperors ministers thus further promoting
  effective centralized government. Some dealt with
  finance, others with justice
• Followed up on centralization by extending
  Chinese territory to the south, reaching
  present-day Hong Kong on the South China Sea and
  influencing northern Vietnam.

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In the north, to guard against barbarian
invasion, Shih Huangdi built a Great Wall,
extending over 3000 miles, wide enough for
chariots to move along its crest.
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Qin innovations in Chinese politics and culture

• National census
• Standardization of coins, weights and measures
  even the length of the axles on cart led to
  standardized road building
• Agricultural innovation irrigation projects
• Promoted manufacture, especially silk cloth
• Uniform written script, completing the process
  of creating a single basic language for all
  educated Chinese

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Demise of Qin Shih Huangdi

• His construction projects and high taxes made
  him unpopular as did the
• Banning and burning the classical text
• constripting peasants and excessive labor
  projects
• aristocrats lost land
• Daoist prists opposed him
• On Shih Huangdis death in 210 C.E., popular
  revolts by the peasants led to one peasant leader
  establishing himself and his family as the new
  dynasty of China

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The Qin dynasty differed from the Zhou

• It was more centralized

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Han Dynasty 202 B.C.E.-220C.E

• Reduced the brutal repression of the Qin.

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Han Dynasty

• Instituted a system of examination to prepare
  professional civil servants
• promoted scientific research
• Large construction projects
• Instituted a system of punishment of criminals
• Promoted Confucian beliefs
• Census taking
• Exerted military legal power

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Han Dynasty

• The Han emperors revived Confucianism
• Confucian built the links among many levels of
  authority that came to characterize Chine
  politics at their best.

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Han Dynasty

• Trade was particularly important during the Han
  period and was produced by skilled artisans in
  the cities.
• Silk, jewelry, leather goods, and furniture.
  Food was also traded. Copper coins began to
  circulate.
• Classical China reached far higher levels of
  technical expertise than Europe or western Asia
  in the same period, a lead they would long
  maintain.

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Calligraphy
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Civil Service Examinations
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Han Dynasty

• Expanded Chinese territory into Korea,
  Indochina, and central Asia
• Contact with India and with the Parthian empire
  in the Middle East through trade with the Roman
  Empire around the Mediterranean
• Repaired the Great Wall to keep out the Huns

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Wu Ti, 140-87 B.C.E

• Enforced peace throughout most of the continent
  of Asia
• Supported Confucianism and established shrines
  to promote worship of the ancient philosopher as
  a god.

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Key Elements of Han Bureaucracy

• Training
• Specialization
• Confucian-based ethic

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Demise of the Han Dynasty

• The Huns, a nomadic people from central Asia
  overturned the Hun dynasty and occupied China
  from 220 C.E. until 531 C.E.
• Between 220 and 589 China was in a state of
  chaos. By the time stability restored the
  classical and formative period of Chinese
  civilization had ended.

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Era of Divisions

• The demise of the Han Dynasty and occupation of
  China by the Huns resulted in a chaotic time
  known as the Era of Divisions that lasted from
  220 C.E. until 531 C.E.

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Demise of the Han Dynasty

• With the collapse of the Han dynasty, Daoism
  (which would join with Buddhist influence from
  India during the chaos that followed in the years
  of the Hun occupation) guaranteed that the
  Chinese people would not be united by a single
  religious or philosophical system. In time Daoism
  became a formal religion

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Key Elements of the Classical Era

• In literature, a set of five classics, written
  during the early part of the Zhou dynasty and
  then edited during the Confucian period, provided
  important literary tradition. They were used,
  among other things, as a basis for civil service
  exams. The five classics contain many things
  historical treatises, speeches, and other
  political material, a discussion on etiquette,
  and ceremonies, 300 poems dealing with love,
  politics, joy, family life.
• From the classical period forward, the ability to
  learn and recite poetry became the mark of the
  educated Chinese.

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Key Elements of the Classical Era

• Chinese art during the classical period was
  largely decorative, stressing detail and
  craftsmanship. Calligraphy became important art
  form. Chinese artists worked in bronze, pottery,
  carved jade, and ivory, and wove silk screen.
• Classical China did not produce monumental
  building because of the absence of a single
  religion

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Key Elements of the Classical Era

• In science practical work was encouraged rather
  than Imaginative theorizing
• Chinese astronomers developed an accurate
  calendar by 444 B.C.E based on a year of 365.5
  days
• Astronomers calculated the movement of the
  planets Saturn and Jupiter
• Astronomers observed sunspots more than 1500
  years before comparable knowledge developed in
  Europe

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Key Elements of the Classical Era

• Medical research- precise anatomical knowledge,
  studied hygene to promote a longer life

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Major Technological Innovations of Classical China

• Paper
• wheelbarrow
• advances in metalwork

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Economic Strength of Classical China

• A key element of economic strength was the high
  level of technological innovation
• The government was active in the economy.

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Political Institution- became one of the
hallmarks of classical Chinese culture

• Strong local units never disappeared
• China relieved heavily on patriarchal families.
  Whether within the family or the central state,
  most Chinese believed in the importance of
  respect for those in power
• The central government had little effect on the
  everyday life of the people.
• Chinese proverb heaven is high and the emperor
  is far away.

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• The central government had little effect on the
  everyday life of the people.
• Chinese proverb heaven is high and the emperor
  is far away.

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Hallmarks of Classical China

• Classical China reached far higher levels of
  technical expertise than Europe or western Asia
  in the same period, a lead they would long
  maintain.
• Chinese classical society evolved with little
  outside influence

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Post Classical China

• 220-589 Era of Division
• 581-618 Sui Dynasty
• 618-907 Tang Dynasty
• 960-1279 Song Dynasty

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Era of Division

• The period of political disorder and chaotic
  warfare that followed the Qin-Han era is referred
  to as the Era of Division
• Buddhism eclipsed Confucian teachings

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The Era of Division

• dominated by political division among many small
  warring states who were often ruled by nomadic
  invaders
• period of Buddhist dominance
• growth of monastic movement
• loss of imperial centralization
• loss of dominance of scholar-gentry in favor of
  militarized aristocracy

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The Sui Dynasty

• Wendi
• Yangdi
• The emergence of the Sui dynasty at the end of
  the 6th century C. E. (580s), after nearly four
  centuries of discord, signaled a return to strong
  dynastic control.
• The short-lived Sui dynasty reestablished a
  centralized empire

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Sui Calligraphy
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Wendi secured his power base

• Won support of the neighboring nomadic military
  commanders
• He reconfirmed their titles at the expense of the
  Confucian scholar-gentry class
• With the support of the nomadic military
  commanders he spread his empire across northern
  China

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Wendi won support

• Lowered taxes
• Established granaries to ensure a reserve of food
• Large landowners and peasants alike were taxed a
  portion of their crop to keep the granaries
  filled
• Surplus grain was brought to market in times of
  food shortage to hold down the price of the
  peoples staple food

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Yangdi

• Established a milder legal code
• Upgraded Confucian education restored the
  examination system for regulating entry into the
  bureaucracy
• Broad policy of promoting the scholar-gentry in
  the imperial administration

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Yangdis policies led to widespread revolt

• He forcibly conscripted hundreds of thousands of
  peasants to build a new capital city at Loyang
• He had a series of canals built

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The Great Wall
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Unsuccessful campaigns in Korea and central Asia
against the Turks.

• Provincial governors declared independence
• Bandit gangs raided at will
• Nomadic peoples seized sections of the north
  China plain

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Tang Dynasty Map
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The Golden Age of the Tang

• Li Yuan
• Tang Taizong

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Tang strategy

• Contain the Turkic tribes
• Repair the Great Wall
• Create frontier armies
• Heavenly khan

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Tang strategy

• The empire was also extended to parts of Tibet in
  the west, the Red River valley homeland of the
  Vietnamese in the south and Manchuria in the north

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Emperor Kaozong

• In 668, Chinese armies overran Korea
• Silla, the Korean vassal kingdom, was established
  at it remained loyal to the Tang
• In a matter of decades the Tang built an empire
  far larger than the Han and one whose boundaries
  extended far beyond the borders of present-day
  China

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Tang Dynasty

• The Tang supported the reinstitution of the
  Confucian scholar-gentry
• Jinshi

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Zen Buddhism

• Early Tang rulers continued to patronize Buddhism
  while trying to promote education in Confucian
  classics.

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Tang Dynasty

• Empress Wu, the only female emperor, 690-705
• supported Buddhism

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Anti-Buddhist Backlash

• Daoist rivals began stressing their own magical
  and predictive powers
• Confucian-scholar-administrators launched the
  most damaging campaigns against Buddhism

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Emperor Wuzong, 841-847

• Openly persecuted the Buddhist
• Thousands of Buddhist monasteries and shrines
  were destroyed
• Hundreds of thousands of monks and nuns were
  forced to abandon their monastic orders and
  return to civilian life and again subject to
  taxation

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Legacy of Chinese Buddhism

• Buddhism left its mark on the arts, the Chinese
  language, and Chinese thinking about such things
  as heaven, charity, and law
• Buddhism ceased to be a dominate force in China
• In contrast to its impact on the civilizations of
  southeast Asia, Tibet, and parts of central Asia.

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The economic challenge to the imperial order

• Monastic lands not taxed Tang regime lost huge
  revenues as a result of imperial grants to
  Buddhist monasteries
• The wills of ordinary Chinese people that turned
  family property over to Buddhist monasteries
• The state was denied labor because it could not
  tax or conscript peasants who worked on monastic
  estates.

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Tang Decline

• Internal rebellion
• Nomadic incursions
• Yang Guifei
• An Lushan

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The Song Dynasty

• The last Tang was forced to resign in 907
• Zhao Kuangyin
• Emperor Taizu
• The Northern Liao Dynasty, nomadic Khitan people
  of Manchia.

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Song Dynasty Map
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The Song dynasty

• Zhao Kuangyin was the founder of the Song
  dynasty

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The Song era

• The ascendancy of the scholar-gentry over its
  aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully
  secured in the Song era.
• Zhu Xi was the most prominent of the
  Neo-Confucians during the Song era

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Impact of Neo-Confucianism
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Neo-Confucians also became familiar with Buddhist
beliefs

• Li- a concept that defined a spiritual presence
  similar to the universal spirit of both Hinduism
  and Buddhism
• New form of Confucianism
• Reconciled Confucianism and Buddhism
• It influenced philosophical thought in China,
  Korea, Vietnam, and Japan in all subsequent eras.

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Constructionism

• Wang Anshi

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Weakness of the Song

• The Song paid tribute to the Khatan
• Distain for military and too much emphasis on
  Confucian elite.

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The flight of the Song dynasty from their capital
in northern China

• Jurchens

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Economic development during the period of
commercial expansion during the Tang and Song
dynasties

• The Silk Road connected Changan (Xian) with
  Antioch, Asia Minor

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Urbanization in China during the Tang-Song era
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Hangzhou

• The capital of the southern Song dynasty

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The agricultural policies of the Sui and Tang
emperors

• Numbers of free peasantry increased
• Fortunes of the old aristocratic families
  declined
• Lands were distributed more equitably to the free
  peasant households of the empire
• The gentry side of the scholar-gentry came to
  dominate the bureaucracy

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Society in Tang- Song China

• Age at time of marriage was the primary
  difference between marriages of the upper and
  lower classes
• The status of women
• Footbinding

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Chinese landscape painting

• Members of the ruling political elite in China
  produced many of the paintings in the Song
• Shanshui, the art of drawing with brush and ink

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Poetry

• Li Bo

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The independence of Chinese women
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Technological innovation of the Tang-Song Era

• Coal used for fuel
• Gunpowder
• Complex bridges
• Abacus
• Moveable type

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Confucian

• intellectual schools were responsible for the
  production of most literary and artistic works
  during the Tang-Song era

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The decline of Buddhism in the later Tang and
Song dynasties

• Confucians attacked Buddhism as a foreign
  innovation in China
• Confucians convinced emperors that monastic
  control of land represented an economic threat
• Persecution of Buddhists introduced in 840s.

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Demise of the southern Song Dynasty in 1279

• Mongols

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Comparison Contrast of the the empire under the
Tang and the Song dynastiesSimilarities

• continued intellectual and political dominance of
  Confucian scholar- gentry
• growth of bureaucracy essential to imperial
  administration
• Differences
• smaller in size
• unable to control nomadic dynasties of the north
• payment of tribute to nomadic states
• military decline with subjection of aristocracy
  to scholar-gentry
• failure of Wang Anshi's reforms led to military
  defeat

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The elements of Tang-Song economic prosperity
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Ways the Tang-Song era departed from previous
developments in Chinese civilization

• Full incorporation of southern China into economy
• dominance of south as food- producing region
  center of population and political capital of
  southern Song
• decline of influence of Buddhism
• increasing trend toward intellectual and
  technological isolation
• extraordinary level of urbanization--up to 10
  percent of population
• extraordinary level of technology

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Chinas Hegemony

• Hegemony occurs when a civilization extends its
  political, economy, social, and cultural
  influence over others.
• 600-1450 China was the richest and most powerful
  of all, and extended its reach over most of Asia.