Title: Welcome to
1- Welcome to
- Pathophysiology
2Contents of the lecture
3What is Pathophysiology?
A subject to explore the rule of origin and
evolution of diseases and the underlying
mechanisms.
4Subjects involved in Pathophysiology
- All diseases seen in all clinical
- departments
- All diseases reproduced in animal
- models
5Differences from Physiology
- Physiopathology
- Physiology of Disease
- Clinical Physiology
- Medical Physiology
- Physiology of Disordered Function
- Physiology under diseased situation
6Differences from Pathology
- Pathology emphasizes the structural
- changes
- pathophysiology deals with functional
- and metabolic alterations and the
- mechanisms.
7The Methodologies Used in Pathophysiology
- As a subject, the experiments are assigned in
systemic or organic levels. - Animal study
- Clinical observation
- Epidemiological study
- For scientific research, studies in cellular
and molecular levels are required.
8Why Is Pathophysiology Important?
- An essential introduction to clinical medicine.
- A bridge basic medicine and diseases.
- Enables us to understand why and how
- diseases develop and various clinical
- manifestations appear.
- What are the underlying mechanisms, and in
- so doing devise rational therapeutics.
9How Pathophysiology is Arranged?
- Introduction what pathophysiology is
- and what disease is.
- Fundamental pathological processes
- fluids and electrolytes imbalance, acid
- and base disturbances, stress, fever,
- edema, ischemia and reperfusion, shock,
- multiorganic dysfunction, and hypoxia.
10Fundamental pathological processes
- Some common and whole set alterations in
metabolism, function and structure, which may
appear in different disorders
11How Pathophysiology is Arranged? (cont.)
- Organic pathophysiology heart, lung,
- liver, kidney and brain
- Cellular and molecular pathophysiology
- signal transduction and diseases and
- cell apoptosis in diseases
12Major Points in Learning Pathophysiology
- The general concepts
- The etiology and pathogenesis
- The alterations of metabolism and function
- The principles for prevention and therapies
13How to Learn Pathophysiology
- Grasp the major points causes, pathogenesis,
alterations in metabolism and functions - Use dialectical thinking and methods, such as
views of contradictory and unification,
transformation, etc. - Selectively review related knowledge learned
previously, such as physiology, biochemistry,
molecular biology, immunology, pathology, and so
on.
14How to Learn Pathophysiology
- Pay attention to experimental courses
- Pay attention to clinical practices
15Disease
16Concept of Disease
- Aberrant manifestation of deregulated
- homeostasis caused by harmful agents.
- The development of a disease is a
- pathologic process with a characteristic
- set of signs and symptoms involved in the
- whole body or any of its parts.
17Concept of Health
- The state of the organism when it functions
- optimally without any evidence of disease.
- The definition of health from WHO
- Without any evidence of disease, and a state
- of complete well-being physically, socially
- and psychologically.
18Etiology of Disease
- Etiology is to study the causative agents,
- microorganisms, environmental, social
- factors and personal habits as contributing
- factors that cause diseases.
- Answer the question why disease happens.
19Etiology
Dis-beneficial
(Inducer)
()
Pathogen
Diseased body
Healthy body
( )
Beneficial
- Pathogeny causes disease and endue the
- characteristics of the diseases
20Etiological Factors
- Extrinsic Factors
- Biological agents microorganisms and
- parasites Roup virus
- Chemical agents non-specific and specific
- Physical agents mechanical injuries,
- extremes of temperature, electricity, and
- radiation
- Nutritional imbalance excesses or
- deficiencies
212. Intrinsic Factors
- Genetic factors gene mutation, sickle cell
anemia, - colorblindness
- Congenital factors abnormal embryonic
- developmental error
- Immunological factors the immune response is
- deficient or inappropriately strong or
misdirected. - Psychological factors Anxiety, strong or
persistent - psychological stress, such as hypertension,
peptic - ulcer, coronary heart disease, and depression.
22Predisposing factors
- Genetic constitution
- Physiological diathesis
- Psychological characteristics
- Psychological characteristics
23Basic Mechanisms for Disease
- Neural regulations
- Hormonal regulations
- Organic regulations
- Cellular regulations
- Molecular regulations
24General rules for the onset and development of
diseases
- Disruption of homeostasis
- Process of damage and anti-damage
- Reversal role of cause and result
- Correlation between systemic and local
regulations
25Process of damage and anti-damage
26Reversal rule of cause and result
Primary causes
(-)
()
Further alterations
Responses
Secondary alterations (cause)
27Systemic and local regulations
- Interact and restrict each other
- Learn to grasp the key
28Outcome of Disease
Complete recovery
Recovery
Incomplete recovery
Outcome of a disease
Death
29Phases of Diseases
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??
??
??
Clinic symptoms
Prodrome
Disease
Recovery
Latency
30Death
- The body as a whole stop working
- forever
- Brain dearth is the marker for the
- diagnosis
31Brain Death (WHO criteria)
- Cessation of spontaneous respiration
- Irreversible coma
- Absence of cephalic reflexes
- Dilated or fixed pupils
- Absence of any electrical activity of the brain
- Absence of brain blood flow
32Significance for diagnosis of brain death
- In favor of recording the time of death
- Define the time to terminate for the rescue
- In favor of organ transplantation