Modernization and Dependency Theory

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Modernization and Dependency Theory

• Final Slides, Feb. 10
• David Bell
• Keng-Hao Hsu
• Kim, Sung-Geun

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David Apter Chapter 1Toward a Theory of
Modernization

• Modernization as a non-economic process
  originates when a culture embodies an attitude of
  inquiry and questioning about how men make
  choices- moral (or normative), social (or
  structural), and personal (or behavioral).
• Two criteria degree of hierarchy / degree of
  values

Hierarchical Pyramidal
Consummatary (Sacred) A (s-c model) D
Instrumental (secular) C B (s-l model)
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• The Sacred-Collectivity Model
• Behaviorally, it is made up of units whose
  singular characteristic is potentiality.
• Structurally, the political community is the
  means of translating potentiality into some sort
  of reality.
• Normatively, the sacred-collectivity is an
  ethical or moral unit.

• The Secular-Libertarian Model
• Behaviorally, the ability to reason, the ability
  to know self-interest
• Structurally, allow the exercise of rationality
  and the pursuit of self-interest
• Normatively, such a system takes certain
  fundamental proprieties.

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• Each of different political systems defines
  conditions of choices differently
• Normative consist of the values and priorities
  that combine in a moral consensus.
• Structural elaborates certain conditions of
  choice.
• Behavioral embodies the conditions under which
  individuals and groups make particular choices.

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Figure 3
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Conclusion

• The general process of modernization provides a
  useful setting for revealing these complex
  political matters.
• In non-industrial society, politics becomes the
  mechanism of integration, and authority is the
  critical problem confronting the leaders
• A consideration of the political forms most
  appropriate to producing and coping with
  modernization

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David Apter, Chapter 2Some characteristics of
modernization

• Commercialization,industrialization
• Innovation
• Colonialism as a modernization force
• Colonialism demonstrated the role of commerce and
  bureaucracy in modernization
• Colonialism at its best has been one very useful
  mechanism for modernizing
• Four main stages the pioneering, bureaucratic,
  representative, and responsible governmental
  stages.

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Characteristics (cont.)

• Political modernization is both consequence and
  cause of modernization, and this is reflected in
  an appropriately changing governmental system.
• Traditionalism and development
• It is difficult to separate the strands of
  traditionalism from those modernity.
• Traditionality in its various form and patterns
  is an essential part of the study of
  modernization.

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Roles

• Roles, new or old, modified and adapted, given
  new meaning by changes, ought to be the beginning
  point for the analysis of modernization
• The ways roles are put together reveals something
  of the moral basis of the community and the
  structure as well
• Roles as indicators

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Modernization, Industrialization,Development

• Industrialization is that aspect of modernization
  so powerful in its consequences, based on the use
  of the machine
• Modernization, as a means of identifying those
  social arrangements, as a means of observing how
  changes.
• Development is a dramatic revolutionary change

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The special problem of equality

• Development creates inequality modernization
  accentuates it.
• Inequality can be seen both as a cause of
  modernization and as a result of it.
• The achievement of equality is an ever spreading
  moral objective in the modern world
• Intellectuals is a key indicator of the nature
  of the polity during modernization

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David Apter, Chatper 3The Analysis of Tradition

• Culture never give way to the new change
• The varied responses of tradition to
  modernization account for many of the differences
  in political forms
• Also, this connection between tradition and
  modernity is very complex

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Framework for the analysis of traditionalism

• The analytical scheme applied to modernization
  can be used to examine tradition
• Values - represents the normative and behavioral
  dimensions
• Instrumental does not affect social institutions
  fundamentally. Rather innovation is made to serve
  tradition
• Consummatory every aspect of society is a part
  of an elaborately sustained, high-solidarity
  structure in which religion is pervasive
• Three types of authority
• Hierarchical authority structural expression of
  instrumental traditionalism - highly resistant to
  political but not to other forms of modernization
• Pyramidal authority expression of consummatory
  values - the chiefs at each level of the pyramid
  have similar powers and are relatively
  autonomous. resistant to all changes
• Segmental authority community political
  relations are treated as if they were members of
  a single unilinear descent group by means of
  "legal fiction, ruled by particular elders in
  age-grade system or by councils appointed from
  the lineage representatives

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Consequences of the differences in the cases of
Ghana, Uganda, and Nigeria

• Ghana (consummatory-pyramidal)
• Political conflicts between Westernized elites
  and traditional chiefs
• New elites defines the traditionalism as
  subversive
• "The past became dead weight on the government"
• Uganda (instrumental-hierarchical)
• The absoluteness of the hierarchical system as
  "instrument"- strong resistance to the change in
  political institution, but very flexible to other
  changes
• "The prerequisite for accepting any innovation on
  the political level was to find some real or
  mythical traditional counterpart"
• Nigeria (instrumental-segmental)
• With individualized responses to innovation and
  without a central traditional authority, the
  people adapted to commercial life and transposed
  the localism of the community into the
  individualism of the trading society
• The politics of the people are above all
  practical and economic, not ideological and
  dogmatic

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Conclusions

• Consummatory values make it more difficult for
  systems to absorb exogenous change and
  modernization
• Still some of the variations can be found among
  traditional systems in the face of modernization

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Joseph R. Gusfield
Joseph R. Gusfield, a longtime member of the
sociology department at the University of
California at San Diego, is currently a fellow at
the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral
Sciences in California. He is the author of The
Culture of Public Problems Drinking, Driving,
and the Symbolic Order and Community A Critical
Response. http//www.press.uillinois.edu/books/ca
talog/83sbd7dy9780252013126.html
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Modernization and Dependency Theory

• Traditional and modern are neither
  incompatible nor internally consistent terms
• Argues that no single, uniform set of processes
  brings modernity
• Not simple dichotomies but
• Heterogeneity and interpretations to be analyzed

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Modernization and Dependency Theory

• The idea of change in developing societies as a
  linear movement from traditional past toward a
  modernized state
• Involves several significant assumptions that are
  questionable
• For example, the linear model assumes that
  existing institutions and values-tradition-impedes
  change and are obstacles to modernization

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Modernization and Dependency Theory

• Explores the uses of tradition and modernity as
  explicit ideologies in the politics of developing
  nations
• Primarily draws on India
• Explains concepts of development and
  modernization as being generalized
• The view that tradition and innovation are
  necessarily in conflict is overly abstract and
  unreal

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Modernization and Dependency Theory

• Fallacies in the Assumptions of
  traditional-modern polarity
• Developing societies have been static
• Tradition is consistent
• Tradition is homogeneous
• Old is replaced with the new
• Tradition and modern forms are always in conflict
• Tradition and modern are mutually exclusive
• Modernization weakens traditions

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Modernization and Dependency Theory

• Desire to be modern--desire to preserve tradition
• These function as ideologies
• Are not always in conflict
• Modernization is often linked to an upsurge in
  traditionalism
• Tradition may be changed, stretched and modified
• For new elites of developing nations its not
  overcoming tradition but of finding ways to blend
  modernity and tradition

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Synthesis

• Golden Oldies
• Readings for literary map

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Modernization Theory

• Modernization as economic phenomenon
• Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar Classical growth
  model (Martinussen, 1997)
• Played a major role in the development debate and
  was incorporated into many planning model in the
  late 20th century
• Total production is a result of investment in
  material production apparatus
• Output is a function of capital input
• Other conditions, including non-economic factors,
  could be disregarded as irrelevant or adapting
  with the economic growth

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Modernization Theory (cont.)

• Modernization as economic phenomenon
• Capital accumulation and balanced growth
  (Martinussen)capital accumulation increase
  supply of goods create increase demand
• Paul Rosenstein Big push is needed for growth
• Ragnar Nurkse Two poverty circles
• W. Arthur Lewis the relationship between profit
  and saving (capital accumulation)
• W.W. Rostow Five stage theory
• Unbalanced growth and income distribution
• Albert Hirschman Imbalances are inevitable
• Simon Kuznets greater inequality as the poorest
  experience growth slower than the average until a
  certain range

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Modernization Theory (cont.)

• Modernization as economic phenomenon
• John Isbister
• The task is the transformation of traditional
  society. The poverty is disappearing over time.
  The underdeveloped countries will follow the
  developmental stages of western

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Modernization Theory (cont.)

• Modernization as non-economic process
• David E. Apter In non-industrial society,
  politics becomes the mechanism of integration
• Importance of traditionality The varied
  responses of tradition to modernization account
  for many of the differences in political forms
• Joseph R. Gusfield Traditional and modern
  are neither incompatible nor internally
  consistent terms
• Not simple dichotomies but heterogeneity and
  interpretations to be analyzed
• Ferrel Heady
• Modernization for political development is to
  grow the political capability and interlinkage of
  political development with other aspects of
  social change with multidimensional process.

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Modernization Theory (cont.)

• Modernization as non-economic process
• Gunnar Myrdal A theory of social stagnation and
  transformation (Martinussen)
• Non-economic factors as central factors
• Outputs and incomes
• Conditions of production
• Levels of living
• Attitudes toward life and work
• Institutions
• Policies

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Dependency Theory as rebuttals

• Wrong assumptions of modernization
• Valenzuela et al.
• Center-periphery dichotomy
• What varies between the developed and developing
  is not the degree of rationality, but the
  structural foundations of the incentive systems
• Andre Gunder Frank
• The difference in historical experience the
  developed were never underdeveloped!
• Five counter-arguments for modernization theory
• Global extension and unity of the capitalist
  system, monopoly structure, uneven development
  should deserve much more attention

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Dependency Theory as rebuttals

• Break-down of dichotomy
• Dieter Senghass and Ulrich MenzelCountries
  (peripheral societies and centre) have very
  different structures and patterns of
  transformation-generalizations are difficult
• Internal socio-economic conditions and political
  institutions are centrally important in
  determining whether an economy can be transformed
• Important socio-economic variables include
• A relatively egalitarian distribution of land and
  incomes
• High literacy level
• Economic policies and institutions that support
  industrialization

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Dependency Theory as rebuttals

• Functions of modernization
• Arturo Escobar
• Development proceeded by creating 'abnormalities
• Development fostered a way of conceiving of
  social life as a "technical problem
• Discursive homogenization (people in the Third
  World are almost same they are poor and
  underdeveloped
• Isbister
• Economic Growth in advanced capitalist countries
  created the third world poverty in its wake. The
  cause of continuing poverty is therefore the
  failure of the third world to break its ties with
  the rich capitalist countries.

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Dependency Theory as rebuttals

• Functions of modernization
• Samir Amin (mid-1970) Two ideal types of
  societal models
• The autocentric economyInternal production
  relations primarily determine the societys
  development possibilities
• Close link between agriculture and manufacturing
• Does engage in international trade
• The peripheral economynon-capitalist modes of
  production of good for luxury consumption
  dominated by an over-developed export sector
• Replace asymmetrical relationships with center
  countries with regional cooperation and an
  internal socialist development strategy

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Escobar
Martinussen Structuralist Ind Dev
Andre Gunder Frank
Satellites (Periphery)
Modern (developed)
Valenzuela et al.
World Capitalist system
Modernization theory
Dependency theory
Development
Metropoles (Center)
Traditional (under-developed)
Gusfield
Isbister
Heady
Martinussen Underdev Dependency
Martinussen Growth and Modern
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Reference

• Martinussen, J. (1997). Society, State and
  Market A Guide to Competing Theories of
  Development. London Zed Press. Chapter 4-7
• Isbister, J. (1993). Promises Not Kept The
  Betrayal of Social Change in the Third World.
  West Hartford Kumarian. Chapters 3 and 4
• Heady, F. (1991). Public Administration A
  Comparative Perspective. New York Marcel Dekker.
  Chapter 3
• Gunder Frank, A. (1996). The Development of
  Underdevelopment. In Jameson, K. P. and Wilber,
  C. (eds.). The Political Economy of Development
  and underdevelopment. New York McGraw Hill.
• Valenzuela, J. S. and Valenzuela, A. (1982).
  Modernization and Dependency. In Munoz, H. (ed.)
  From Dependency to Development Strategies to
  Overcome Underdevelopment and Inequality.
  Boulder Westview Press.
• Escobar, A. (1994). The Making and Unmaking of
  Third World Development. In Rahnema, M. with
  Bawtree, V. (eds.) The Post-Development Reader.
  London Zed Books.
• Apter, D. E. (1965). The Politics of
  Modernization. Chicago University of Chicago
  Press. Chapters 1-3
• Gusfield, J. R. (1971). Misplaced Polarities in
  the Study of Social Change. In Welch, C. (ed.)
  Political Modernization A Reader . Belmont
  Duxbury Publishers.