Chapter 5 ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Overview

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Chapter 5ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Overview

• Y.-C. Tseng
• CS/NCTU

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New trend of wireless technology

• Most Wireless industry focuses on increasing high
  data throughput
• A set of applications require simple wireless
  connectivity, relaxed throughput, very low power,
  short distance and inexpensive hardware.
• Industrial
• Agricultural
• Vehicular
• Residential
• Medical

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What is ZigBee Alliance?

• An organization with a mission to define
  reliable, cost effective, low-power, wirelessly
  networked, monitoring and control products based
  on an open global standard
• Alliance provides interoperability, certification
  testing, and branding

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IEEE 802.15 working group
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Comparison between WPAN
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ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 market feature

• Low power consumption
• Low cost
• Low offered message throughput
• Supports large network orders (lt 65k nodes)
• Low to no QoS guarantees
• Flexible protocol design suitable for many
  applications

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ZigBee network applications
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
monitors sensors automation control
TV VCR DVD/CD Remote control
PC PERIPHERALS
PERSONAL HEALTH CARE
ZigBee LOW DATA-RATE RADIO DEVICES
monitors diagnostics sensors
mouse keyboard joystick
HOME AUTOMATION
TOYS GAMES
security HVAC lighting closures
consolesportables educational
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Wireless technologies
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ZigBee/802.15.4 architecture

• ZigBee Alliance
• 45 companies semiconductor mfrs, IP providers,
  OEMs, etc.
• Defining upper layers of protocol stack from
  network to application, including application
  profiles
• First profiles published mid 2003
• IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group
• Defining lower layers of protocol stack MAC and
  PHY

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How is ZigBee related to IEEE 802.15.4?

• ZigBee takes full advantage of a powerful
  physical radio specified by IEEE 802.15.4
• ZigBee adds logical network, security and
  application software
• ZigBee continues to work closely with the IEEE to
  ensure an integrated and complete solution for
  the market

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IEEE 802.15.4 overview
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General characteristics

• Data rates of 250 kbps , 20 kbps and 40kpbs.
• Star or Peer-to-Peer operation.
• Support for low latency devices.
• CSMA-CA channel access.
• Dynamic device addressing.
• Fully handshaked protocol for transfer
  reliability.
• Low power consumption.
• Channels
• 16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band,
• 10 channels in the 915MHz ISM band
• 1 channel in the European 868MHz band.
• Extremely low duty-cycle (lt0.1)

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IEEE 802.15.4 basics

• 802.15.4 is a simple packet data protocol for
  lightweight wireless networks
• Channel Access is via Carrier Sense Multiple
  Access with collision avoidance and optional time
  slotting
• Message acknowledgement
• Optional beacon structure
• Target applications
• Long battery life, selectable latency for
  controllers, sensors, remote monitoring and
  portable electronics
• Configured for maximum battery life, has the
  potential to last as long as the shelf life of
  most batteries

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IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types

• There are two different device types
• A full function device (FFD)
• A reduced function device (RFD)
• The FFD can operate in three modes by serving as
• Device
• Coordinator
• PAN coordinator
• The RFD can only serve as
• Device

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FFD vs RFD

• Full function device (FFD)
• Any topology
• Network coordinator capable
• Talks to any other device
• Reduced function device (RFD)
• Limited to star topology
• Cannot become a network coordinator
• Talks only to a network coordinator
• Very simple implementation

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Star topology
Network
Network
coordinator
coordinator
Master/slave
Full Function Device (FFD)
Reduced Function Device (RFD)
Communications Flow
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Peer to peer topology
Point to point
Tree
Full Function Device (FFD)
Communications Flow
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Device addressing

• Two or more devices communicating on the same
  physical channel constitute a WPAN.
• A WPAN includes at least one FFD (PAN
  coordinator)
• Each independent PAN will select a unique PAN
  identifier
• Each device operating on a network has a unique
  64-bit extended address. This address can be used
  for direct communication in the PAN
• A device also has a 16-bit short address, which
  is allocated by the PAN coordinator when the
  device associates with its coordinator.

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IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer
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IEEE 802.15.4 PHY overview

• PHY functionalities
• Activation and deactivation of the radio
  transceiver
• Energy detection within the current channel
• Link quality indication for received packets
• Clear channel assessment for CSMA-CA
• Channel frequency selection
• Data transmission and reception

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IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview

• Operating frequency bands

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Frequency Bands and Data Rates

• The standard specifies two PHYs
• 868 MHz/915 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum
  (DSSS) PHY (11 channels)
• 1 channel (20Kb/s) in European 868MHz band
• 10 channels (40Kb/s) in 915 (902-928)MHz ISM band
  
• 2450 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
  PHY (16 channels)
• 16 channels (250Kb/s) in 2.4GHz band

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PHY Frame Structure

• PHY packet fields
• Preamble (32 bits) synchronization
• Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) shall be
  formatted as 11100101
• PHY header (8 bits) PSDU length
• PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) data field

PHY Header
Sync Header
PHY Payload
Start of Packet Delimiter
Frame Length (7 bit)
PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)
Reserve (1 bit)
Preamble
4 Octets
1 Octets
1 Octets
0-127 Bytes
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
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Superframe

• A superframe is divided into two parts
• Inactive all station sleep
• Active
• Active period will be divided into 16 slots
• 16 slots can further divided into two parts
• Contention access period
• Contention free period

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Superframe

• Beacons are used for
• starting superframes
• synchronizing with other devices
• announcing the existence of a PAN
• informing pending data in coordinators
• In a beacon-enabled network,
• Devices use the slotted CSMA/CA mechanism to
  contend for the usage of channels
• FFDs which require fixed rates of transmissions
  can ask for guarantee time slots (GTS) from the
  coordinator

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Superframe

• The structure of superframes is controlled by two
  parameters
• beacon order (BO) decides the length of a
  superframe
• superframe order (SO) decides the length of the
  active potion in a superframe
• For a beacon-enabled network, the setting of BO
  and SO should satisfy the relationship 0?SO?BO?14
  
• For channels 11 to 26, the length of a superframe
  can range from 15.36 msec to 215.7 sec ( 3.5
  min).

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Superframe

• Each device will be active for 2-(BO-SO) portion
  of the time, and sleep for 1-2-(BO-SO) portion of
  the time
• Duty Cycle

BO-SO 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ?10
Duty cycle () 100 50 25 12 6.25 3.125 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.195 lt 0.1
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Data Transfer Model (I)

• Data transferred from device to coordinator
• In a beacon-enable network, a device finds the
  beacon to synchronize to the superframe
  structure. Then it uses slotted CSMA/CA to
  transmit its data.
• In a non-beacon-enable network, device simply
  transmits its data using unslotted CSMA/CA

Communication to a coordinator In a non
beacon-enabled network
Communication to a coordinator In a
beacon-enabled network
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Data Transfer Model (II-1)

• Data transferred from coordinator to device in a
  beacon-enabled network
• The coordinator indicates in the beacon that some
  data is pending.
• A device periodically listens to the beacon and
  transmits a Data Requst command using slotted
  CSMA/CA.
• Then ACK, Data, and ACK follow

Communication from a coordinator In a
beacon-enabled network
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Data transfer model (II-2)

• Data transferred from coordinator to device in a
  non-beacon-enable network
• The device transmits a Data Request using
  unslotted CSMA/CA.
• If the coordinator has its pending data, an ACK
  is replied.
• Then the coordinator transmits Data using
  unslotted CSMA/CA.
• If there is no pending data, a data frame with
  zero length payload is transmitted.

Communication from a coordinator in a non
beacon-enabled network
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Channel Access Mechanism

• Two type channel access mechanism
• beacon-enabled networks ? slotted CSMA/CA channel
  access mechanism
• non-beacon-enabled networks ? unslotted CSMA/CA
  channel access mechanism

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Slotted CSMA/CA algorithm

• In slotted CSMA/CA
• The backoff period boundaries of every device in
  the PAN shall be aligned with the superframe slot
  boundaries of the PAN coordinator
• i.e. the start of first backoff period of each
  device is aligned with the start of the beacon
  transmission
• The MAC sublayer shall ensure that the PHY layer
  commences all of its transmissions on the
  boundary of a backoff period

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Slotted CSMA/CA algorithm (cont.)

• Each device maintains 3 variables for each
  transmission attempt
• NB number of times that backoff has been taken
  in this attempt (if exceeding macMaxCSMABackoff,
  the attempt fails)
• BE the backoff exponent which is determined by
  NB
• CW contention window length, the number of clear
  slots that must be seen after each backoff
• always set to 2 and count down to 0 if the
  channel is sensed to be clear
• The design is for some PHY parameters, which
  require 2 CCA for efficient channel usage.
• Battery Life Extension
• designed for very low-power operation, where a
  node only contends in the first 6 slots

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Slotted CSMA/CA (cont.)
need 2 CCA to ensure no collision
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Why 2 CCAs to Ensure Collision-Free

• Each CCA occurs at the boundary of a backoff slot
  ( 20 symbols), and each CCA time 8 symbols.
• The standard species that a transmitter node
  performs the CCA twice in order to protect
  acknowledgment (ACK).
• When an ACK packet is expected, the receiver
  shall send it after a tACK time on the backoff
  boundary
• tACK varies from 12 to 31 symbols
• One-time CCA of a transmitter may potentially
  cause a collision between a newly-transmitted
  packet and an ACK packet.
• (See examples below)

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Why 2 CCAs (case 1)
Backoff boundary
Existing session
New transmitter
CCA
Detect an ACK
Backoff end here
New transmitter
CCA
CCA
Detect an ACK
Backoff end here
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Why 2 CCAs (Case 2)
Backoff boundary
Existing session
New transmitter
CCA
Detect an ACK
Backoff end here
New transmitter
CCA
Detect an DATA
Backoff end here
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Why 2 CCAs (Case 3)
Backoff boundary
Existing session
New transmitter
CCA
CCA
Detect an ACK
Backoff end here
New transmitter
CCA
Detect a DATA
Backoff end here
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Unslotted CSMA/CA
only one CCA
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GTS Concepts (I)

• A guaranteed time slot (GTS) allows a device to
  operate on the channel within a portion of the
  superframe
• A GTS shall only be allocated by the PAN
  coordinator
• The PAN coordinator can allocated up to 7 GTSs at
  the same time
• The PAN coordinator decides whether to allocate
  GTS based on
• Requirements of the GTS request
• The current available capacity in the superframe

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GTS Concepts (II)

• A GTS can be deallocated
• At any time at the discretion of the PAN
  coordinator or
• By the device that originally requested the GTS
• A device that has been allocated a GTS may also
  operate in the CAP
• A data frame transmitted in an allocated GTS
  shall use only short addressing

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GTS Concepts (III)

• Before GTS starts, the GTS direction shall be
  specified as either transmit or receive
• Each device may request one transmit GTS and/or
  one receive GTS
• A device shall only attempt to allocate and use a
  GTS if it is currently tracking the beacon
• If a device loses synchronization with the PAN
  coordinator, all its GTS allocations shall be
  lost
• The use of GTSs be an RFD is optional

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Association Procedures (1/2)

• A device becomes a member of a PAN by associating
  with its coordinator
• Procedures

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Association Procedures (2/2)

• In IEEE 802.15.4, association results are
  announced in an indirect fashion.
• A coordinator responds to association requests by
  appending devices long addresses in beacon
  frames
• Devices need to send a data request to the
  coordinator to acquire the association result
• After associating to a coordinator, a device will
  be assigned a 16-bit short address.

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ZigBee Network Layer Protocols
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ZigBee Network Layer Overview

• Three kinds of networks are supported star,
  tree, and mesh networks

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ZigBee Network Layer Overview

• Three kinds of devices in the network layer
• ZigBee coordinator responsible for initializing,
  maintaining, and controlling the network
• ZigBee router form the network backbone
• ZigBee end device must be connected to
  router/coordinator
• In a tree network, the coordinator and routers
  can announce beacons.
• In a mesh network, there is no regular beacon.
• Devices in a mesh network can only communicate
  with each other in a peer-to-peer manner

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Address Assignment

• In ZigBee, network addresses are assigned to
  devices by a distributed address assignment
  scheme
• ZigBee coordinator determines three network
  parameters
• the maximum number of children (Cm) of a ZigBee
  router
• the maximum number of child routers (Rm) of a
  parent node
• the depth of the network (Lm)
• A parent device utilizes Cm, Rm, and Lm to
  compute a parameter called Cskip
• which is used to compute the size of its
  childrens address pools

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Cskip31
Total127
0
1
32
63
94
For node C
125
,126

• If a parent node at depth d has an address
  Aparent,
• the nth child router is assigned to address
  Aparent(n-1)Cskip(d)1
• nth child end device is assigned to address
  AparentRmCskip(d)n

C
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ZigBee Routing Protocols

• In a tree network
• Utilize the address assignment to obtain the
  routing paths
• In a mesh network
• Routing Capability ZigBee coordinators and
  routers are said to have routing capacity if they
  have routing table capacities and route discovery
  table capacities
• There are 2 options
• Reactive routing if having routing capacity
• Tree routing if having no routing capacity

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ZigBee Tree Routing

• When a device receives a packet, it first checks
  if it is the destination or one of its child end
  devices is the destination
• If so, accept the packet or forward it to a child
  
• Otherwise, relay it along the tree
• Example
• 38 ? 45
• 38 ? 92

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ZigBee Mesh Routing

• Route discovery by AODV-like routing protocol
• The cost of a link is defined based on the packet
  delivery probability on that link
• Route discovery procedure
• The source broadcasts a route request packet
• Intermediate nodes will rebroadcast route request
  if
• They have routing discovery table capacities
• The cost is lower
• Otherwise, nodes will relay the request along the
  tree
• The destination will choose the routing path with
  the lowest cost and then send a route reply

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Routing in a Mesh network Example
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Summary of ZigBee network layer
Pros Cons
Star 1. Easy to synchronize 2. Support low power operation 3. Low latency 1. Small scale
Tree 1. Low routing cost 2. Can form superframes to support sleep mode 3. Allow multihop communication 1. Route reconstruction is costly 2. Latency may be quite long
Mesh 1. Robust multihop communication 2. Network is more flexible 3. Lower latency 1. Cannot form superframes (and thus cannot support sleep mode) 2. Route discovery is costly 3. Needs storage for routing table