Map Quiz Renaissance Theme: Crisis and Recovery

1
Map QuizRenaissanceTheme Crisis and Recovery

• Lesson 24

2
(No Transcript)
3
Renaissance

• Crisis
• Bubonic Plague
• Hundred Years War
• Recovery
• State building
• Renaissance

4
Crisis
5
Bubonic PlagueWhere we left off in Lesson 23

• During the 1330s plague erupted in southwestern
  China
• During the 1340s, Mongols, merchants, and other
  travelers helped to spread the disease along
  trade routes to points west of China
• It thrived in the trading cities of central Asia
  where domestic animals and rodents provided
  abundant breeding grounds for fleas and the
  plague bacillus
• By 1346 it had reached the Black Sea ports of
  Caffa and Tana

6
(No Transcript)
7
Bubonic Plague

• In 1347 Italian merchants fled the
  plague-infected Black Sea ports and unwittingly
  spread the disease to the Mediterranean Basin
• By 1348, following trade routes, plague had
  sparked epidemics in most of western Europe
• Well talk more about the Bubonic Plague in
  Europe in Lesson 24

Illustration of bubonic plague in the Toggenburg
Bible (1411)
8
Bubonic Plague

• Victims developed inflamed lymph nodes,
  particularly in the neck, armpit, and groin areas
• Most died within a few days of onset of symptoms
• Internal hemorrhaging often discolored the
  inflammations known as buboes which gave rise
  to the term bubonic plague
• Europeans referred to the plague as Black Death

9
Bubonic Plague

• In Europe, plague erupted intermittingly from the
  1340s until the late 17th Century
• In areas hit hard by the plague, it took a
  century or more to begin recovery from the
  demographic consequences

Doktor Schnabel von Rom (Doctor Beak from
Rome) engraving, Rome 1656. The beak is a
primitive gas mask filled with substances thought
to ward off the plague
10
(No Transcript)
11
Bubonic Plague

• Population decline caused massive labor shortages
  which in turn generated social unrest
• Urban workers demanded higher wages and many left
  their homes in search of better conditions
• Political authorities responded by freezing wages
  and forbidding workers to leave their homes
• Peasants in the countryside tried to move to
  regions where landlords offered better terms and
  landlords responded by restricting the freedom of
  peasants to move and reimposing labor
  requirements in effect, reinstating serfdom
  (remember from Lesson 18)

12
Bubonic Plague

• These sharply conflicting interests led to a
  series of rebellions which political authorities
  eventually suppressed with considerable social
  disruption and loss of life

Townspeople flee to the countryside to avoid the
plague
13
Bubonic Plague

• Economic recovery was underway in Europe by 1500
  when European population climbed to 81 million
• Today the bubonic plague survives in rodent
  communities, but since the1940s antibiotic drugs
  have brought it largely under control among human
  populations.

In the US, the last urban plague epidemic
occurred in Los Angeles in 1924-25. Since then,
human plague in the US has occurred as mostly
scattered cases in rural areas (an average of 10
to 15 persons each year).
14
Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

• Series of armed conflicts fought over a 116-year
  period between England and France
• Centered around a maze of feudal and commercial
  claims
• Fought primarily in France and devastated the
  countryside

15
Hundred Years War

• Marauders called écorcheurs looted and pillaged
  anybody weaker than themselves
• Joan of Arcs family had to flee their home at
  Domrémy to escape écorcheurs

Joan of Arc rallied French soldiers demoralized
after their defeat at Agincourt and led France to
victory at Orleans. Ultimately, she was captured
by the English and burned at the stake.
16
Hundred Years War

• In 1358, French peasants launched the Jacquerie
  Revolt against the écorcheurs, the nobles (who
  made extortionate demands but provided no
  protection), and the general poverty and
  devastation of the Hundred Years War
• The leader, Guillaume Karle (or Cale), was
  captured and beheaded by Charles II of Navarre,
  and the mob was easily dispersed
• The nobles took revenge by massacring thousands
  of the peasants

17
Recovery
18
State Building

• By the late 15th Century, states in Italy, Spain,
  France, and England had devised techniques of
  government that vastly enhanced their power
• State building was based principally on fresh
  sources of finance and the maintenance of large
  standing armies

19
France

• Partly because of the tremendous expenses
  incurred during the Hundred Years War, the kings
  of France and England began to levy direct taxes
  and assert the authority of the central
  government over the nobility

20
France

• King Louis XI maintained a permanent army of
  about 15,000 troops, many professional
  mercenaries equipped with firearms
• The expense of such an army was beyond the means
  of the nobility, so King Louis and his successors
  enjoyed a decisive advantage over those who might
  challenge the central authority

21
Spain

• In 1469, the marriage of Fernando of Aragon and
  Isabel of Castile united the two wealthiest and
  most important Iberian realms
• With their combined wealth they were able to
  build an army capable of conquering the Muslims
  in the Kingdom of Granada and completing the
  Reconquista (Remember from Lesson 20)
• They were also able to project Spanish authority
  beyond Iberia such as by sponsoring Christopher
  Columbus explorations (Well talk about this
  next lesson)

22
Italy

• Italian city-states had enriched themselves from
  industrial production and trade, much of which
  was generated by the Crusades (Remember from
  Lesson 20)
• This allowed the regional states to strengthen
  their authority within their own boundaries and
  collectively the city-states of Milan, Venice,
  and Florence, the papal state based in Rome, and
  the Kingdom of Naples controlled public affairs
  in most of the Italian peninsula

23
Italy as Birthplace of the Renaissance

• Survival of Roman artistic and architectural
  heritage and the continued use of Latin kept
  memories of classical civilization alive
• Profited from both Islamic and Byzantine
  influences
• Trade built wealth that furnished material
  resources for cultural development and created an
  affluent middle/upper class with the leisure for
  education and a sense of political responsibility
• City-states competed with one another in cultural
  affairs and sponsored innovations in art and
  architecture

24
Renaissance

• Renaissance is French for rebirth and refers
  to the explosion of artistic and intellectual
  creativity that took place between the 14th and
  15th Centuries in western Europe

25
Artists

• Renaissance painters, sculptors, and architects
  drew inspiration from the classical Greek and
  Roman artists rather than their medieval
  predecessors
• Artists used the technique of linear perspective
  to represent the three dimensions of real life on
  flat, two dimensional surfaces

26
Difference in Painting
Renaissance (The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne
by da Vinci, 1510)
Medieval
27
Difference in Painting
Medieval
Renaissance (Pope Julius II by Raphael)
28
The School at Athens by Raphael
29

The School at Athens, with lines to show
perspective
30
Giotto di Bondone (1266-1337)

• Overcame the obstacle of flat forms by skillfully
  contrasting light and shadow to create an
  illusion of depth that made human figures look
  solid and round

The Mourning of Christ, painted c.1305
31
Masaccio (Tomassco Guidi) (1401-1428)

• Used atmospheric perspective to show objects
  receding into a background and to make figures
  appear round and truly three dimensional

Trinity 1425-28 Fresco
32
Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)

• Excelled in composition and use of soft colors

Raphael is famous for his warm, pious, and
graceful Madonnas such as The Small Cowper
Madonna, c. 1505
St. George Fighting the Dragon, 1505
33
El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) (1541-1614)

• Used severe colors and elongated features to
  express Spanish religious zeal in powerful and
  emotional paintings

The Burial of Count Orgaz conveys the Catholic
spirit of communion among God, saints, and humans
34
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

• A great artist, but more than any other person of
  his age, personified the idea of the Renaissance
  man
• Someone of broad interests who is accomplished in
  both the arts and sciences

Mona Lisa uses light and shadow and perspective
to make the figures fully human, enigmatic, and
mysterious
35
The Last Supper captures the emotions of each of
Jesus disciples at the exact moment of their
learning one will betray Him
36
Leonardo da Vinci
da Vincis study of the proportions of the human
body
da Vincis plans for a helicopter
37
Sculptors

• Sculptors depicted their subjects in natural
  poses that reflected the actual workings of human
  muscles rather than the awkward and rigid poses
  often found in earlier sculptures

38
Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564)

• Considered himself a sculptor first and painted
  with a sculptors eye
• Made the muscular masculine figure his ideal
  beauty

Michelangelos David and Moses show dramatic and
emotional postures and expressions
39
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelos frescos covering the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican are perhaps the
single greatest achievement in Renaissance art
40
Donatello (Donato di Niccoli di Betto) (1386-1466)

• Traveled to Rome to study the classics of
  antiquity
• Employed models and created studies of anatomy
  and the human body

Donatellos David was the first nude statue of
the Renaissance and is known for its grace,
proportionality, and balance
41
Architects

• Architects designed buildings in the simple,
  elegant classical style and perfected domed
  architecture which enclosed large spaces but kept
  them open and airy underneath massive domes

42
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)

• Combined the Romanesque cruciform floor plan with
  classical features such as columns, rounded
  windows, and arches

Brunelleschi is famous for his dome atop the
cathedral in Florence
43
Andrea Palladio (1508-1580)

• Combined elements of both the early Renaissance
  stress on balance and geometrical symmetry with
  the mannerist architecture of visual paradox and
  confusion
• Made the exteriors of private houses match the
  exteriors of classically influenced churches and
  public buildings to create a place for the
  wealthy and powerful at the very top of civic
  life
• This would become a principle of domestic
  architecture throughout Europe and the colonies
  in America

44
Thomas Jeffersons Monticello shows the influence
of Palladios Villa Rotunda
45
Humanists

• Unlike later secular humanists, Renaissance
  humanists were scholars and literary figures who
  were deeply committed to Christianity and
  religious themes
• They scorned the dense and often convoluted
  writing style of the scholastic theologians and
  instead used the elegant and polished language of
  classical Greek and Roman authors and the early
  church fathers
• Erasmus Praise of Folly attacked both the
  pedantic dogmatism of scholars and the ignorance
  of the masses

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) published an
edition of the New Testament that served as the
basis for various translations into the
vernacular languages.
46
Humanists

• They reconsidered medieval ethical thinking that
  taught that the most honorable calling was that
  of a monk or nun who withdrew from society and
  instead argued that it was possible to lead a
  morally virtuous life while participating
  actively in the affairs of the world

By writing about everyday life within all social
classes, Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) brought
the lustfulness and earthy wit of the lower
classes into the realm of serious literature
47
Humanists

• Represented an attempt to reconcile Christian
  values and ethics with the increasingly urban and
  commercial society of Renaissance Europe

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) wrote in the
Tuscan vernacular so his poetry reached a large
audience. His sonnets celebrated his love for
Laura, a married women he admired from afar.
48
Other Great Renaissance Authors

• Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
• Canterbury Tales
• Thomas More (1478-1535)
• Utopia
• Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)
• Don Quixote
• William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
• Known for his use of language and analysis of
  character which reflected a deep understanding of
  the good and evil in man

49
Movable Type

• Johannes Gutenbergs use of movable type to print
  books accelerated the spread of classical
  learning
• Allowed for the mass production of texts that
  spread the cultural heritage of the classical
  world throughout Europe

50
Next

• European Exploration