Title: The accurately surveyed Carte de France reveals the inaccuracies of previous national maps of France
1The accurately surveyed Carte de France reveals
the inaccuracies of previous national maps of
France.
2Week 1 - Introduction
- Historical views and conceptions of the map
(continued) - Many countries national mapping programs
followed the pioneer efforts of the Cassinis and
began accurate map production. These include
Britains Ordnance Survey maps followed by the
USGS topographic maps a century later. - Meanwhile, another form of maps began in the 18th
century. - Cartographers began mapping themes other than
just landform. These maps are now called
thematic maps. Each map has a specific theme
of information. Some of these theme are rather
abstract. - One of the earliest of these thematic maps is the
1693 Magnetic Variation Index map of the World by
Sir Edmond Halley (1656-1742). -
3Week 1 - Introduction
- Historical views and conceptions of the map
(continued) - Edmond Halley of the Halley Comet fame. He was
the astronomer and physicist who predicted the
return of the comet every 76 years. - But he also traveled extensively and observed
magnetic variations in different parts of the
world and global weather patterns. -
4Edmond Halleys Magnetic Variation Index map of
the world
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7Edmond Halley also made a world map of trade
winds and monsoons in 1686. The map here is the
Atlantic portion of the map showing prevalent
wind directions.
8Edmond Halleys map of the path of the eclipse of
the sun in 1715. Although Halley was more known
as an astronomer, but scientists of the time
generally excelled in various different
disciplines.
9French cartographer, Philippe Buache, made this
first bathymetric (underwater contours) map of
the English Channel in 1752. The cross-section
of the Strait of Dover is depicted on top.
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11German cartographer, Eberhard Happel published
this thematic map of ocean currents in 1708
12Carl Ritter, a famous German geographer, produced
this map in 1805 showing the distribution of wild
trees and shrubs.
13Another important German geographer, Alexander
von Humboldt, complied much information about the
physical world, but it was his cartographer
colleague, Heinrich Berghaus who created the
first volume of the Physikalischer Atlas
(Physical Atlas) in 1845. This map is part of the
1838 world map of isotherms (lines joining points
of equal temperatures).
14- The Berghaus atlas consisted of 8 different
section - Meteorology and climatology (13 pages of maps)
- Hydrology and hydrography (16 pages of maps)
- Geology (15 pages of maps)
- Earth magnetism (5 pages of maps)
- Botanical geography (6 pages of maps)
- Zoological geography (12 pages of maps)
- Anthropology (4 pages of maps)
- Ethnography (19 pages of maps)
This atlas represents one of the earlier
systematic approaches to geography and to produce
a thematic atlas.
15Week 1 - Introduction
- Historical views and conceptions of the map
(continued) - The mid-1700 saw the need to compile information
about population. Sweden was the first to take a
population census in 1749, followed by Finland in
1750, Austria in 1754, Norway and Denmark in
1769. - Numeric data were tallied in columns and rows
against places. This is the beginning of
statistics. - The advantage of compiling information in columns
and rows (like a spreadsheet today) revealed a
lot of information and details about a
population. - A German geographer named A.F. Büsching began to
arrange geographical statistics not by columns
and rows, but by individual areal units relating
to categories of information. - This statistical/areal arrangement revealed new
clustering patterns in a modern geographic sense. - A.F. Büsching is now referred to as creator of
modern geography as well as founder of
comparative statistics.
16Thus, statistical maps (a form of thematic maps)
began to appear. This map, titled Hyetographic
Map of the British Isles cleverly used graduated
circles to represent annual rainfall (the size of
the circle is drawn proportionally to the
rainfall a particular place received).
17Benjamin Franklin produced this chart of the Gulf
Stream in 1786 in his memoir in the Transactions
of the American Philosophical Society. The small
chart at the upper left illustrates the seasonal
migration of herring in the Atlantic Ocean.
18In the meantime, other advances in cartography
included developing techniques to effectively
illustrate relief visually.
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21This Danish botanist and cartographer, J.F.
Schouw, map the regions of distribution of maize
(corn), fruit trees, wheat, and other crops.
22Berghaus 1839 world map of cultivated plants
23As indicated, population censuses were conducted.
Thus, population maps began to be developed. To
confirm the work of Büsching, a population map
shows more than just columns and rows of
statistics. It shows concentrations.
24While dot map show number of people, the
technique of using shades on maps is very
effective in showing population density, as in
this 1828 map of northern Germany.
25Population concentration and sparcity patterns
are very clear in this 1836 population density
map of France. Notice that the table of
statistics on the left does not show any
geography.
26Every country found the advantage of producing
population maps.
27Making this type of maps presents a great
production challenge. This map of Irelands
population used line patterns in a copper
engraving. This requires great engraving skill.
28Innovations were extended to show not just
population numbers of density, but also ethnic
groups, as in this 1823 map by Julius Klaproth,
son of the famous German chemist, Martin Klaproth
who discovered uranium.
29An Ethnographic Map of Europe, 1843.