Instructions:

1
Instructions

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Lab 1
Lab 2
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EXPLORING ENERGY MATTER
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WOODY, YOUR GUIDE
Hi, IM YOUR GUIDE. MY NAME IS WOODY. WERE
GOING TO EXPLORE ENERGY AND MATTER TOGETHER.
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AS WE EMBARK ON THIS ADVENTURE YOU NEED TO READ
ALL THE INFORMATION PRESENTED, FOLLOW ALL THE
DIRECTIONS GIVEN, THINK ABOUT THE QUESTIONS
POSED, AND FILL OUT YOUR TRIP PLANNER. LETS
GET STARTED!
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What is this energy thing?
ENERGY IS THE CAPACITY TO DO WORK, OR TO
PRODUCE HEAT.
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Energy
MAYBE YOU HAVENT THOUGHT MUCH ABOUT IT, BUT
EVERYTHING WE DO, AND EVERYTHING WE HAVE
REQUIRES ENERGY.
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WITHOUT ENERGY WE COULD NOT ACCOMPLISH ANY OF
THE COUNTLESS TASKS THAT MAKE UP OUR DAYS.
YIKES!!!
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There are 3 forms of energy important for
this class.
KINETIC ENERGY IS ENERGY IN MOTION.
YEEEHAAWWW!
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There are 3 forms of energy important for
this class.
POTENTIAL ENERGY IS STORED ENERGY, OR ENERGY
AT REST. OUCH!
Potential energy is very important to Chemistry,
since every molecule or atom wants to reach their
lowest potential energy possible. This leads to
chemical bonding.
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There are 3 forms of energy important for
this class.
RADIANT ENERGY IS HEAT ENERGY, LIKE THE SUN.
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THIS HAMMER CAN BE DESCRIBED AS POTENTIAL
ENERGY.
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YEEAAAHHHH!! IF I SWING IT LIKE THIS ITS
KINETIC ENERGY!!!
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NOW ANSWER THE QUESTION ON THE ITINERARY.
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How do we measure energy?
ONE WAY IS WITH THE UNIT, CALORIE.
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Measuring energy...
A CALORIE IS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE
THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER BY 1 CELSIUS
DEGREE. SHEESH THIS IS HOT!
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Measuring energy...
THE SI BASE UNIT OF ENERGY IS THE JOULE, WHICH
IS NAMED AFTER ME, JAMES JOULE.
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IN MY OPINIONNO MATTER WHAT FORM OF ENERGY YOU
USE IT ALWAYS TAKES THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY
TO HEAT WATER UP 1 DEGREE CELSIUS. AS IF YOU
CARE!!
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HERES A QUESTION FOR YOU, CAN I MAKE THIS STEW
BOIL BY JUST STIRRING IT?
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NOW ANSWER THE QUESTION ON THE ITINERARY.
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YES, ACCORDING TO JOULE IF I CAN STIR IT HARD
ENOUGH AND FAST ENOUGH AND PUT AS MUCH ENERGY
INTO THE STEW AS FIRE DOES I CAN BOIL THIS STEW
BY STIRRING IT.
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REMEMBER OUR CONVERSION FACTORS? THE MODERN
EXPRESSION OF JOULES WORK IS 1 CAL 4.184
JOULES. SO A CALORIE IS 4 TIMES BIGGER THAN A
JOULE.
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NOW ANSWER THE QUESTION ON THE ITINERARY.
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ENERGY IS NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED IT IS
ONLY CHANGED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.
ONE WONDERFUL THING ABOUT ENERGY IS THAT IT IS
ETERNAL
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THIS IS CALLED ENERGY TRANSFORMATION, WHEN
ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED FROM KINETIC TO POTENTIAL
AND BACK .
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KINETIC ENERGY FROM THE BAT IS TRANSFERRED TO
THE BALL, WHICH HAD POTENTIAL ENERGY.
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NOW ANSWER THE QUESTION ON THE ITINERARY.
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THE NEXT STOP ON OUR JOURNEY IS TEMPERATURE .
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We know when we feel some-thing hot.
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We know when we feel something cold.
Temperature is how we measure hot or cold
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We use a thermometer to measure temperature.
A THERMOMETER IS A BULB CONNECTED TO A SEALED
TUBE. THE BULB IS FILLED WITH A LIQUID THAT
EXPANDS OR CONTRACTS WHEN HEATED OR COOLED.
THE STEM IS MARKED WITH A SCALE SO THAT THE
LEVEL OF THE LIQUID CAN BE READ.
A thermometer reads how fast the molecules of the
substance are vibrating (Kinetic Energy). The
faster they vibrate the higher the temperature,
and vice versa.
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THE SCALE USED TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE IS
TOTALLY ARBITRARY.
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THE FIRST ONE THAT WORKED WELL WAS FAHRENHEIT,
BUT LATER CAME CELSIUS .
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CELSIUS FOLLOWS THE SPIRIT OF THE METRIC SYSTEM.
IT ALSO IS BASED ON 10S .
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THE CELSIUS SCALE WAS DERIVED FROM TWO SPECIFIC
PHENOMENA.
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Water freezing...
0
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And water boiling...
100
0
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The marks are then evenly divided...
100
MAKES YOU WONDER WHY IT TOOK SO LONG TO INVENT
.
0
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NOW ANSWER THE QUESTION ON THE ITINERARY.
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COMPARISON OF CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT TEMPS
EXAMPLE TEMPERATURE
LOWEST OFFICIAL TEMP RECORDED IN THE US
(PROSPECT CREEK, AK JANUARY 23, 1971) -62C
-80 F MELTING ICE 0C
32F TYPICAL ROOM TEMP 21C
70F NORMAL BODY TEMP 37.0C
98.6F HIGHEST OFFICIAL TEMP RECORDED IN THE
US (DEATH VALLEY, CA, JULY 10, 1913) 57C
134F BOILING WATER 100C
212F TYPICAL OVEN TEMP FOR BAKING 163C
325F SURFACE OF THE SUN 6000C 10,000F
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However, the SI base unit for temperature is
Kelvin
ACCORDING TO MY NOTESKELVIN CELSIUS SCALES
RUN PARALLEL .
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373 K
100C
HOW ARE THEY CONNECTED?
WATER BOILS
ROOM TEMPERATURE
21C
294 K
WATER FREEZES
0C
273 K
-173C
100 K
AIR LIQUIFIES
-273C
0 K
ABSOLUTE ZERO
ALL MOTION STIOPS
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373 K
100C
WATER BOILS
WRITE AN EQUATION THAT WILL CONVERT BETWEEN
THEM.
ROOM TEMPERATURE
21C
294 K
WATER FREEZES
0C
273 K
-173C
100 K
AIR LIQUIFIES
-273C
0 K
ABSOLUTE ZERO
ALL MOTION STIOPS
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To convert between Celsius and Kelvin
C K ???? OR K C ????
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To convert between Celsius and Kelvin
C K - 273 OR K ?C 273
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THE DIFFERENCE WITH KELVIN IS THE LOCATION OF
THE ZERO POINT.
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THE ZERO POINT FOR KELVIN IS CALLED, ABSOLUTE
ZERO. ABSOLUTE ZERO CORRESPONDS TO -273C.
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ABSOLUTE ZERO IS THE POINT AT WHICH THE MOTION
OF PARTICLES OF MATTER - THEIR KINETIC ENERGY -
CEASES.
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CLICK ON ME AND GO TO THIS WEBSITE AND READ
ABOUT TEMPERATURE AND THE SEARCH FOR THIS
ELUSIVE ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
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LOOKS LIKE THE NEXT STOP IS TO LEARN ABOUT THE
CONCEPT OF MATTER.
To get an sneak peek at how matter is organized,
check out the last page of your itinerary!
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Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

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That seems like just about everything right?
Everything in the UNIVERSE
MATTER
ENERGY
That is because it is everything in the
universethat isnt energy.
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There are four states of matter.
G A S
SOLID
LIQUID
PLASMA
CLICK ON EACH STATE AND READ ABOUT THEM.
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CLICK ON EACH AND VIEW AN ANALOGY OF EACH STATE
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The states of matter can change from one
state to another...
BY ADDING OR REMOVING ENERGY TO A SAMPLE OF
MATTER, WE CAN CHANGE MATTER FROM ONE STATE TO
ANOTHER.
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TRANSITIONS FROM A SOLID TO A LIQUID OR FROM A
LIQUID TO A GAS ARE CALLED CHANGES IN STATE.
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ADDING ENERGY TO A SAMPLE OF MATTER WILL FOLLOW
THIS DISTINCT PATTERN, THROUGH ALL FOUR STATES OF
MATTER.
THIS IS CALLED A HEATING CURVE
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PHASE CHANGE
THIS DIAGRAM SHOWS WHAT WE CALL THE PHASE CHANGES
BETWEEN ALL OF THE PHASES, ARE THERE ANY THAT YOU
DIDNT KNOW?
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WHEN YOU PLAY WHERES WALDO YOU LOOK FOR
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TITLE CHARACTER.
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YOU CAN ALSO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MATTER BASED ON
ITS CHARACTERISTICS OR PROPERTIES.
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What are properties of matter?
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBSTANCE THAT
DISTINGUISH IT FROM OTHER SUBSTANCES ARE THE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
THAT SUBSTANCE.
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Physical properties
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN BE
OBSERVED WITHOUT ALTERING THE IDENTITY OF THE
SUBSTANCE .
MELTING POINT
DENSITY
ODOR
COLOR
Viscosity
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Chemical properties
FLAMMABILITY
REACTIVITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE
OBSERVED WITHOUT ALTERING THE IDENTITY OF THE
SUBSTANCE .
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There are two ways to change matter
CLICK ON EACH AND EXPLORE
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CLICK ON ME TO READ MORE ABOUT CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHANGES. DONT FORGET
TO JOT DOWN THE DEFINITIONS OF WORDS YOU DONT
KNOW. THERE COULD BE A TEST.
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Conservation of Matter
THEN ALONG COMES THIS DUDE, ANTOINE LAVOISIER,
AND HE REALLY SHOOK UP THE WORLD.
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Conservation of Matter
HE WROTE THAT IN EVERY REACTION THERE IS AN
EQUAL QUANTITY OF MATTER BEFORE AND AFTER.
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Conservation of Matter
WHAT DID HE MEAN? DID HE MEAN THAT MATTER
LIKE ENERGY IS ETERNAL AND CONSERVED?
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The Law of Conservation of Matter
MATTER, LIKE ENERGY, IS NEITHER CREATED NOR
DESTROYED IN ANY PROCESS.
Click on the rectangle above and read the article
on the importance of Lavoisiers work and life
on earth.
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Conservation of matter
What that means...is that all the matter in the
universe is a fixed amount. It is constant.
The amount of matter currently present has
always been here since the dawn of time and will
always be here.
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SO THE MATTER IN THAT PENCIL YOU ARE HOLDING
HAS ALWAYS BEEN HERE IN SOME FORM OR ANOTHER.
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NOW YOU AND YOUR PARTNERS WILL INVESTIGATE THE
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER TOGETHER.
CLICK ON THE COUPLE AND PROCEED WITH YOUR
INVESTIGATION
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WELCOME, I HOPE YOU FIND THE NEXT STOP ON YOUR
JOURNEY PLEASANT. LETS LOOK AT ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS.
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Elements and compounds
HERES ANOTHER AMAZING THING EVERYTHING AROUND
USEVERYTHING IS MADE FROM DIFFERENT
COMBINATIONS OF ABOUT 100 OR SO ELEMENTS.
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Elements and compounds
ITS A LOT LIKE THE ALPHABET. EVERY WORD YOU
CAN THINK OF IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IS MADE UP
OF A COMBINATION OF THE SAME 26 LETTERS. EVERY
SUBSTANCE IN THE UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF THE SAME
100 ELEMENTS.
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Elements
AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE
SEPARATED INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL
CHANGE.
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Elements
THEY ARE KIND OF LIKE THE LEGO BLOCKS THAT ARE
USED TO BUILD ALL OF MATTER
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Elements
THEY ARE IN FACT ATOMS. IF YOU BROKE AN ELEMENT
UP ANYMORE THAN YOU WOULD END UP WITH SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES LIKE ELECTRONS AND PROTONS.
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Elements
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED HOW SMALL ATOMS ARE? THE
LEGO BLOCKS THAT MAKE UP EVERYTHING YOU CAN SEE,
TASTE, TOUCH, OR SMELL ARE EXTREMELY SMALL.
CHECK OUT THIS WEBSITE.
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Elements
IVE EVEN GOT MY OWN ELEMENT. LOOK AT A
PERIODIC TABLE AND WRITE DOWN THE NAME AND NUMBER
OF MY ELEMENT.

• THERE 113 OR SO ELEMENTS THAT ARE KNOWN TODAY.
• SOME ARE NAMED FOR FAMOUS SCIENTISTS
• SOME AFTER WHERE THEY WERE DISCOVERED.

WHAZZZ ZZZUUUP?
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Elements
Oxygen O

• FOR CONVENIENCE ELEMENTS HAVE ABBREVIATIONS
  CALLED THE ELEMENT SYMBOL(S)
• ELEMENT SYMBOLS CONSIST OF ONE OR TWO LETTERS
• THE FIRST LETTER OF A SYMBOL IS ALWAYS
  CAPITALIZED
• AND THE SECOND IF PRESENT IS NEVER
  CAPITALIZED

Sodium Na
Iron Fe
Magnesium Mg
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THE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN A TABLE THAT IS
CALLED THE PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE IS ORGANIZED BY THE ELEMENTS
BEING GROUPED TOGETHER BY THEIR CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES IN COLUMNS CALLED FAMILIES OR GROUPS
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Periodic Table
THERE ARE 18 COLUMNS ACROSS THE PERIODIC
TABLE. NUMBERED 1-18, AND MOST OF THEM HAVE
NAMES TO HELP IDENTIFY THEM, SO LETS MEET THE
FAM.
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Periodic Table
THERE ARE 7 ROWS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE,
WHICH ARE CALLED PERIODS. THE PROPERTIES OF THE
ELEMENTS CHANGE PREDICTABLY AS WE GO ACROSS EACH
ROW.
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Periodic Table
YOU MIGHT SAY WAIT A MINUTE AL, WHAT ABOUT THE
TWO ROWS AT THE BOTTOM, DONT THEY MAKE IT 9
ROWS DOWN? ACTUALLY NO, THOSE TWO ROWS REALLY
BELONG WITH 6 7, LIKE THIS
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Periodic Table
THE ELEMENTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS METALLIC,
NONMETALLIC, OR SEMI-METALLIC. AND WE CAN TELL
WHICH CATEGORY AN ELEMENT FITS INTO BASED ON ITS
POSITION ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
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Metals
DID YOU EVER WONDER WHAT MAKES A METAL A METAL?
WELL I HAVE, I WONDER A LOT. ALL METALS
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY, ALL METALS ARE BENDABLE AND
SHAPEABLE, AND ALL METALS ARE ABLE TO BE
STRETCHED OUT.
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Metals
THESE ARE THE METALLIC ELEMENTS, THEY ARE ALL
SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE EXCEPT FOR 1,
MERCURY.
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Nonmetals
NONMETALS, WHAT MAKES THEM UNIQUE? WELL THEIR
MAJOR DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC IS THAT THEY
ARE NOT METALS. THEY DONT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY,
THEY CANT BE BENT AND SHAPED.
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Nonmetals
THE SOLIDS ARE BRITTLE AND NONCONDUCTIVE, AND
THERE ARE SEVERAL LIQUIDS AND GASES.
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Semi-metals
SEMI-METALS/METALLOIDS ARE THE GRAY AREA IN
BETWEEN. THEY ARE PART METAL AND PART NONMETALS,
AND DONT FIT WELL IN EITHER CATEGORY. THEY ARE
BRITTLE SOLIDS LIKE THE NONMETALS, BUT ARE
SLIGHTLY CONDUCTIVE LIKE METALS.
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Semi-metals
THESE ELEMENTS ARE POSITIONED BETWEEN THE METALS
AND THE NONMETALS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
AND MAKE A CHARACTERISTIC STAIR STEP PATTERN.
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Compounds
WHEN DIFFERENT ELEMENTS ARE GROUPED TOGETHER WE
CALL IT A COMPOUND.
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Compounds
TO WRITE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS WE WILL USE
ELEMENTAL SYMBOLS MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, AND USE
THEM TO WRITE FORMULAS.
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Compounds
MgO
FORMULAS ARE COMBINATIONS OF THE ELEMENT
SYMBOLS THAT MAKE UP THE COMPOUND.
NaCl
FeO
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Types of Compounds
METALLIC ELEMENTS CAN COMBINE WITH NONMETALLIC
ELEMENTS TO MAKE COMPOUNDS KNOWN AS IONIC.
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS CAN COMBINE WITH OTHER
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS TO MAKE COMPOUNDS KNOWN AS
COVALENT.
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Elements and compounds
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS ARE CONSIDERED
PURE SUBSTANCES, BUT AN ELEMENT CAN NOT BE BROKEN
INTO SMALLER PIECES WHILE A COMPOUND CAN.
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JUST ONE MORE VACATION SPOT LEFT. LETS CHECK
OUT MIXTURES.
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Mixtures
A MIXTURE IS SIMPLY A BLEND OF TWO
OR SUBSTANCES, JUST LIKE THIS SHAVING CREAM IM
USING.
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Types of mixtures
THERE ARE 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MIXTURES,
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS.
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Homogeneous Mixtures
A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE CONTAINS NO VISIBLY
DIFFERENT PARTS. PARTS THAT ARENT EASILY
SEPARATED.
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Homogeneous Mixtures
EXAMPLES OF HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES.
BRASS
SEA WATER
AIR
KOOLAID
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Heterogeneous Mixtures
A HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE HAS VISIBLY DIFFERENT
PARTS. IT CAN EASILY BE SEPARATED.
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Homogeneous Mixtures
EXAMPLES OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES.
CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIES
GRANITE
JAM
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Separating Mixtures
IN THE CHEMISTRY LAB, SPECIAL EQUIPMENT AND
TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR THE SOLE
PURPOSE OF SEPARATING MIXTURES.
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Filtration
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES CAN OFTEN BE SEPARATED
WITH THE SIMPLE TECHNIQUE OF FILTERING.
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Filtration
THE MIXTURE IS POURED THROUGH A PIECE OF PAPER,
WHICH CATCHES THE SOLID, BUT ALLOWS THE LIQUID
TO PASS THROUGH.
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Filtration
THIS IS A USELESS METHOD FOR TRYING TO
SEPARATE HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES THOUGH.
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Distillation
THIS IS A METHOD OF SEPARATING HOMO- GENEOUS
MIXTURES, WHICH SEPARATES LIQUIDS.
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Distillation
IT TAKES ADVANTAGE OF DIFFERENCES IN BOILING
POINTS OF THE LIQUIDS.
2.
3.
4.
1.
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Crystallization
THIS IS A METHOD OF SEPARATING HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES, WHICH SEPARATES A SOLID DISSOLVED IN A
LIQUID.
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Crystallization
PARTIALLY EVAPORATING A LIQUID THAT CONTAINS
DISSOLVED PARTICLES MAY ALLOW SOLIDS TO FORM
AS PURE CRYSTALS.
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Crystallization
THIS IS A METHOD OF SEPARATING HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES, WHICH SEPARATES LIQUIDS.
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Chromatography
THE COMPONENTS ARE SEPARATED BY THEIR ABILITY TO
BE STICKY ON THE STATIONARY SUBSTANCE, THOSE
LESS STICKY COME OUT FIRST.
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Chromatography
THERE IS A STATIONARY PHASE AND A MOBILE PHASE
IN CHROMATOGRAPHY. THE MIXTURE TO BE SEPARATED
IS DRAWN ACROSS THE STATIONARY PHASE WITH THE
MOBILE PHASE AND IT GETS SLOWLY SEPARATED.
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Chromatography
Paper Chromatography
Column Chromatography
THESE 3 TYPES OF CHROMA-TOGRAPHY ALL SHARE COMMON
MECHANISMS, THE MIXTURE IS DRAWN ACROSS THE
STATION-ARY PHASE AND THE MIXTURE IS SLOWLY
SEPARATED.
Gas Chromatography
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Chromatography
NOW YOUR GROUP WILL INVESTIGATE A MINIATURE
VERSION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY JUST CLICK ON ME
AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS.
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Liquids...
A LIQUID DOES NOT HOLD ITS OWN SHAPE, BUT IT DOES
OCCUPY A DEFININTE VOLUME.
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Liquids...
A LIQUID FLOWS FREELY AND TAKES THE SHAPE OF ITS
CONTAINER. THE MOLECULES STICK TOGETHER TIGHTLY
ENOUGH THAT THEY ARE BOUND, BUT NOT SO TIGHT THAT
THEY ARE LOCKED INTO POSITION.
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Solids...
A SOLID IS ANY MATTER THAT HAS A DEFINITE SHAPE
AND DEFINITE VOLUME.
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Solids...
WHEN A SOLID IS BROKEN INTO SMALLER PIECES IT IS
NOT CHANGED CHEMICALLY. THE MOLECULES ARE SO
STUCK TOGETHER THAT THEY BECOME LOCKED IN
POSITION.
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Gases...
A GAS HAS NO DEFINITE SHAPE OR VOLUME.
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Gases...
GASES EXPAND TO FILL THE AVAILABLE VOLUME. THE
MOLECULES ARE NOT STUCK TOGETHER AT ALL AND ARE
COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER.
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PLASMA...
HIGH ENERGY IONS FOUND INSIDE STARS.
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PLASMA...
WERE NOT GOING TO TALK ABOUT PLASMA MUCH.
Before you rush off, there is evidence of a 5th
state of matter. Check it out by clicking on
the picture of the sun to the left.
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LIKE A CROWD A LIQUID IS PACKED TOGETHER BUT THE
PARTICLES CAN MOVE OVER AND AROUND EACH OTHER
FREELY. THEY ONLY HAVE SO MUCH SPACE TO MOVE
AROUND IN SO THERE IS A CONSTANT VOLUME.
129
LIKE A FOOTBALL GAME A GAS IS CONSTANTLY SHIFTING
AND HAS NO DEFINITE PATTERN OR SHAPE...
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LIKE A MARCHING BAND A SOLID IS HIGHLY STRUCTURED
AND HOLDS A DEFINITE SHAPE...
131
Physical Change
ANY CHANGE IN A PROPERTY OF MATTER THAT DOES NOT
CHANGE ITS IDENTITY
THE BAT IS STILL WOOD EVEN IF IT LOOKS DIFFERENT
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Other Physical Changes
PHYSICAL CHANGES IN MATTER CAN INVOLVE STARTLING
ALTERATIONS IN FORM, BUT THE MATTER ITSELF IS
NOT ALTERED.
CRUSHING
TEAR / /ING
CHANGES IN STATE
BENDING
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Chemical Change
ANY CHANGE IN WHICH ONE OR MORE SUBSTANCES ARE
CONVERTED INTO DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES WITH
DIFFERENT PROPERTIES.
134
Other Chemical Changes
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN MATTER INVOLVE A COMPLETE
CHANGE. A CHANGE THAT MAKES THE SAMPLE A
DIFFERENT MATERIAL WITH TOTALLY DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES.
COMBUSTION
DIGESTION
DISPLACEMENT
OXIDATION
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Endothermic/Exothermic
CHEMICAL CHANGES EITHER PRODUCE ENERGY AND GIVE
OFF HEAT OR ABSORB ENERGY AND DRAW IN ENERGY.
ENDO ENERGY IN
EXO ENERGY OUT
136
Evidence of chemical reactions or changes

• BUBBLES OF GAS APPEARS
• FORMATION OF AN INSOLUBLE SOLID
• A COLOR CHANGE FORMS
• TEMPERATURE CHANGE
• LIGHT EMITTED
• CHANGE IN VOLUME

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EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

• CHANGE IN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
• CHANGE IN MELTING POINT OR BOILING POINT.
• CHANGE IN SMELL OR TASTE
• A CHANGE IN ANY DISTINCTIVE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
  OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

138
CONSERVATION OF MATTER
This is an investigation in the lab where you
will be working through a problem and trying to
illustrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.

• You need a clean sheet of paper, and you need to
  go to the back and put on a pair of safety
  goggles.

139
CONSERVATION OF MATTER

• Now on your paper, make a data table with four
  columns and three rows.
• Label the boxes in row 1 column 2 Initial
  mass(g), column 3 Final mass(g), and column 4
  Change in mass(g)
• Label the boxes of row 2, column 1 Part 1 row
  3, column 1 Part 2.

Initial Mass Final Mass Change in Mass
Part 1
Part 2
140
PART 1

• Place a plastic cup on the laboratory balance and
  zero out the mass of the cup.
• Place about 2g of baking soda in the cup.
• Using the 100ml graduated cylinder, measure about
  30ml of vinegar.
• Remember to read the bottom of the meniscus and
  to 1 decimal place

141
PART 1

• Pour the vinegar into a second plastic cup.
• Place both cups on the balance pan of a
  laboratory balance, and determine the starting
  mass of the entire system.
• Record this mass in your data table as initial
  mass.
• Take the cups off the balance. Carefully pour
  the vinegar into the cup that contains the baking
  soda.

142
PART 1

• Gently swirl the cup to make sure everything is
  well mixed.
• When the reaction is finished, place both cups
  back on the balance to determine the final mass
  of the system.
• Record the mass in your data table in the final
  mass column.
• Subtract the final and the starting masses to
  get the change in mass.

143
PART 2

• Examine the materials you have on the table
• Develop a procedure that will test the law of
  conservation of mass more accurately than Part 1
  did.
• When you and your partner have a plan, get my
  approval.

144
PART 2

• Afterwards, implement it using the same materials
  and quantities from Part1.
• Use the baggies instead or in addition to the
  cups from Part 1.
• If you show that mass is conserved effectively,
  then answer the following questions on your lab
  sheet.

145
QUESTIONS

1. Describe all evidence that a chemical change
   occurred in this experiment.
2. Did your first set of data agree with the law of
   conservation of mass? Explain.
3. Why are the results from Part 2 different from
   those for Part 1?

146
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
This is an investigation in the lab where you
will be working through a problem and will
illustrate separation of liquids.

1. You need a clean sheet of paper, and you need to
   go to the back and put on a pair of safety
   goggles and an apron.

147
MATERIALS

• You need to find three different colored ink pens
• You need to pick up 3 strips of filter paper from
  the back table
• You need to pick up a 300ml or 400ml beaker from
  the back table

148
PROCEDURE

1. Take each strip of filter paper and using the ink
   pens make one small dark spot 3cm from the base
   of the strip (one color per strip)

3cm
149
PROCEDURE

1. Using a graduated cylinder obtain about 2.0ml
   of rubbing alcohol from the table
2. Pour the rubbing alcohol into the beaker and then
   add enough water until the solution is about 2 cm
   deep.

150
PROCEDURE

1. Tape the strip to a pencil so that the ink spots
   hang down, and hang the strip on the beaker so
   that the tip of the strip dips into the solution.
   Note make sure that the ink isnt submerged.

151
PROCEDURE

• Watch the solvent travel up the strip of paper
• Write down observations.
• When the solvent reaches the top of the
  strip, remove the strip from the tank and
  allow to dry.
• Repeat each step for the other two
  colors.

152
ANALYSIS

1. Draw what you see on each strip.
2. Is chromatography a good method of separating
   mixtures? Think about the quantity of mixture
   you had.
3. What are the limitations of this method of
   separation?

153
CHOOSE THE STOP YOU WERE CLOSEST TOTO BEGIN
Energy
Matter
Mixtures
Elements and Compounds
Temperature