THE RENAISSANCE!

1
THE RENAISSANCE!
2

• Remember we are coming out of the Middle
  Ages/Dark Ages

3
Beginning of the Renaissance the Italian City
States

• Begins in Italy slowly spreads through Europe
• Italy-
• Renewed interest in Ancient Greece Rome
• Italy still had reminders of Ancient Rome
• Statues, coins, buildings

4
Beginning of the Renaissance the Italian City
States

• Italy was different from other European countries
• Italian cities were prosperous
• Cities were centers for trade manufacturing

• Italian merchants became very wealthy
• Gained Political Economic influence in Italy
• Stressed importance of education individual
  achievements

5
Medici Family

• Created successful banking manufacturing
  businesses in Florence
• One of richest families in Europe
• Medicis gained control of the government of
  Florence in 1434
• The family continued to rule Florence for years

6
The Medici Family

• Lorenzo Medici- The Magnificent
• Skilled politician patron of the arts
• Medici palace housed many poets, philosophers,
  artists
• Many artists learned to sketch the Roman statues
  in the gardens of the Medici palace

7
What was the Renaissance?

• Political/Economic/Cultural/ Social changes
• New Worldviews
• -people changed the way they viewed themselves
  and their world

• Many felt this was a time of rebirth after the
  disorder disunity of the Medieval world
• Renaissance thinkers explored human experiences
  on earth
• (here now, not life after death like during the
  Medieval Period)
• Emphasis on individual achievement
• Ideal person was talented in many fields

8
Humanism

• Intellectual movement- focused on worldly topics,
  not religious topics
• Many humanist scholars were pious Christians who
  wanted to use the knowledge of the ancients to
  increase their knowledge about the present world
• Education should stimulate your creative powers!

• Focus on studying the humanities-- Grammar,
  rhetoric, poetry, history like the ancients
  studied

9
Renaissance Writers

• Poets, Artists, Scholars, Politicians all mingled
  with each other at the courts of Renaissance
  rulers
• Many how-to books were written to help
  ambitious people rise in the Renaissance world

10
Baldassare Castiglione

• The Book of the Courtier
• Describes manners, skills, learning, and virtues
  of members of court
• Should be well educated, well mannered,
  aristocrat who has mastered many fields

• Poetry to sports
• men- athletic but not overactive, good at games,
  but not a gambler, plays an instrument, knows
  literature history but is not arrogant
• Women- graceful and kind, lively, but reserved,
  beautiful
• Outter beauty is the sign of inner goodness ha!

11
Machiavelli

• Was a diplomat in Florence
• He observed kings princes in foreign courts
• Studied Roman history

• The Prince- combines his experience of politics
  with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide
  to rulers on how to gain and maintain power.
• He used real rulers as examples
• Stressed that the end justifies the means
• Rulers should usewhatever methods were necessary
  to achieve their goals.
• Getting results is more important than keeping
  promises

12
Machiavelli

• He believed he was the enemy of oppression
  corruption
• Critics felt he was cynical and inspired by the
  devil

• Today most believe Machiavelli had a realistic
  view of politics
• He raises important ethical questions about the
  nature fo government and the use of power

13
The Northern Renaissance

• Northern Europe recovered much slower than in
  Italy
• (Black Death)
• Began economic growth in 1450
• Flanders was the site of the beginning of the
  Northern Renaissance
• Present day France, Belgium, Netherlands

• Spain, France, Germany will not experience the
  Renaissance until the 1500s

14
Northern Humanists

• Focused more on religious themes than the
  Italians
• Believed the revival of ancient learning should
  be used to bring about religious and moral reform

15
Erasmus

• Dutch priest humanist
• Created a new edition of the New Testament
• Was in favor of the Bible translated into the
  vernacular of Europeans

• An individuals chief duties are to be open
  minded and have good will toward others
• Did not like the corruption in the Church and
  wanted reform
• The Praise of Folly- humor to expose the ignorant
  and immoral behavior of many people of his day
  including the clergy

16
Thomas More

• Utopia-
• Describes an ideal society in which men and women
  live in peace and harmony
• No one is idle
• Everyone is educated
• Justice is used to end crimes

• At the first constitution of their government,
  Utopus made a law that every man might be of what
  religion he pleased, and might endeavor to draw
  others to it by the force of argument, abd by
  amicable and modest ways, but without bitterness
  against those of other opinions.

17
Francois Rebelais

• Gargantua Pantagruel
• Adventures of 2 gentle giants
• Tale of travel war
• Characters offer opinions on religion, education,
  etc.

• Written in vernacular
• Demanded by Middle Class

18
Shakespeare

• 37 Plays
• Comedies
• Tragedies
• Love
• 1,700 words added to our language

19
Cervantes

• Don Quixote-
• Tale that mocks medieval notions of chivalry
• Follows the adventures of Don Quixote a foolish
  idealistic knight and Sancho Panza his faithful
  servant

20
Johann GutenbergPrinting REVOLUTION

• 1456 Printed first complete edition of the Bible
  using the first printing press and printing inks
  in the West
• Movable type made book production even easier
• By 1500 20 million books had been printed

• Printed books cheaper and easier to produce than
  hand copied books
• More people learned to read
• Readers had access to more knowledge
• Medicine, science, law,
• New ideas could spread

21
ART
22
Humanism Art

• Patrons, Popes, Princes supported the work of
  hundreds of artists

• Art reflected humanist concerns
• Religious figures were set against Greek or Roman
  backgrounds
• Portraits of well known people

23
New Techniques in Art

• Perspective- making distant objects smaller than
  those close to the viewer. Making the painting
  look 3 dimensional
• Shading Light - made objects look rounded and
  real

• Human Anatomy- sculptors studied models to
  paint/sculpt people more accurately

24
3 Genius Renaissance Artists

• Leonardo
• Michelangelo
• Raphael

25
Leonardo da Vinci

• Artist
• Sculptor
• Architect
• Scientist
• Engineer
• Inventor

• The Renaissance Man- very talented in diverse
  areas.
• Drew on knowledge from other interests to become
  a great painter
• -Was a scientific observer. Learned by looking at
  things.
• Studied the human form and disected 30 unclaimed
  cadavers from a hospital to understand muscles
• Studied light, anatomy, landscape, human
  expressions

26
Leonardo da Vinci

• Vitruvian Man
• Self-Portrait
• Notebooks
• Mona Lisa
• The Last Supper

27
Michelangelo

• Known for representing the human body in 3-D
  sculptures
• David
• The Pieta
• The Sistine Chapel

• Sculptor
• Painter
• Architect-
• Dome of St. Peters Cathedral in Rome

28
Raphael

• Studied Leonardo, Michelangelo others
• Blend Christian Classical styles
• Most known for his Madonnas

• School of Athens-
• Imaginary gathering of great thinkers and
  scientists
• Plato, Aristotle, Socrates,
• Also included himself, Michelangelo, Leonardo

29
Raphael

• Betrothal of the Virgin
• Canagiani Madonna
• Madonnas
• The School of Athens
• The Liberation of St. Peter

30
Jan van Eyck

• Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Altarpeice
• The Crucifixion
• The Last Judgement
• Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife

31
Albrecht Durer

• 1490s went to Italy to study techniques
• Paintings Engravings
• Etched design on a metal plate with acid
• Plate can then be used to make prints

• He helped to spread Italian Renaissance ideas
• Nicknamed the German Leonardo because of his
  many interests

32
Albrecht Durer

• Self Portrait
• The Last Supper
• The Triumphal Arch
• Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

33
Pieter Bruegel

• Vibrant colors
• Scenes of peasant life
• Influenced future artists who would focus on
  daily life themes and not religious or classical
  themes

• Tower of Babel
• The Peasant Dance
• The Beggars
• Netherlandish Proverbs

34
Peter Paul Rubens

• Blended realistic traditions with classical
  themes
• Enormous paintings
• Depict pagan figures from the classical past

35
Brunelleschi

• Brunelleschis Dome
• The dome of Santa Maria del Fiorein Florence
  (1420-1446)

36

• Weighing 37,000 tons and using more than
  4,000,000 bricks, Brunelleschi's dome was the
  greatest architectural feat in the Western world.

37
14.5 Scientific Revolution
38
Changing view of universe

• Until mid 1500s many Europeans believed Ptolemys
  theory that the Earth was the center of the
  universe

• It seemed like common sense and it is what the
  Church believed

39
Nicolaus Copernicus

• Heliocentric view of the universe
• The sun is the center of the universe and the
  earth is just a planet that revolves around the
  sun
• His idea was rejected by many experts

• If Ptolemys ideas were wrong then the whole
  system of human knowledge might be called into
  question

40
Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler

• Set up an observatory and accumulated data that
  supported Copernicus

• Kepler
• Used Brahes data to calculate orbits of the
  planets revolving around the sun.
• This supported Copernicus
• Also, each planet does not move in a perfect
  circle but in an ellipse

41
Brahe

• His research supported Copernicus heliocentric
  theory

• Created a astronomical lab and he observed the
  night sky and collected data about the movement
  of the stars planets

42
Kepler

• Used Brahes data to calculate the orbits of the
  planets revolving around the sun
• This also supported Copernicus
• He showed planets moved in an ellipse

43
Galileo

• The Church condemned him bc his views challenged
  Christian teachings
• Galileo was tried in court threatened with
  death if he did not recant his ideas.
• It does move!

• Created an astronomical telescope
• Able to observe the moons of Jupiter moving
  slowly around the planet
• Just like Copernicus said the Earth moves around
  the sun
• Scholars attacked him bc his observations
  contradicted ancient views about the world

44
Scientific Method

• Observation Experimentation
• Step by step process
• Propose a hypothesis to explain data

• Test the hypothesis with observation
  experimentation
• Reach a conclusion and repeat the work at least
  once to confirm the findings

45
Francis Bacon

• Truth is not known at the beginning of inquiry,
  but at the end
• Bacon stressed experimentation observation
• He wanted science to make life better for people
  by leading to practical technologies

• Break from medieval tradition of making the
  physical world fit in with the teachings of the
  Church.

46
Rene Descartes

• Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best
  road to understanding
• Discourse on Method- discard all traditional
  authorities and search for provable knowledge

• I think therefore I am

47
Isaac Newton

• Gravity
• Used math to show that a single force keeps the
  planets in their orbits around the sun.
• Nature follows uniform laws

• We have Newton to thank for calculus!

48
Chemistry

• Robert Boyle-
• discovered difference between elements and
  chemical compounds
• Explained effects of temperature and pressure on
  gasses

49
Medicine

• Andreas Vesalius-
• first accurate detailed study of human anatomy

50

• Ambroise Pare-
• developed a new and more effective ointment for
  preventing infections
• William Harvey
• described circulation of the blood
• Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
• perfected the microscope and became the first
  person to see cells micro-organisms