???????? Stock Improvement in Aquaculture

1
???????? Stock Improvement in Aquaculture
2
???????????

• ????????
• ???????????????????????
• ??????????????,???????????????????????

3
???????(?????)

• ???????????????,?????????????,?????????????
• ???????????????????????????,???????????????,??????
  ?????,???(domestication)?????(breeding
  program)?,?????????????

4
??????????????????

• ???????????????????????(genetic manipulation)
• ??(intraspecies)????(crossbreeding)????????(select
  ion)???????????????????
• ??(interspecies)????(hybridization)????????(??????
  )???

5
???????????

• ??????????????????
• ???????????????????????,??????????????????????????
  ?

6
???????????????????

• ??????????????????,???????
• ??????????,????????,????????????????
• ??????????????,?????????????????????,???????????

7
????????????

• ?????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????,????????????????
• ?????????????,???????,???????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????,??????????????????

8
?????????????

• ????????????DNA???DNA??(DNA chips)?????(genomics)?
  ?????(proteomics)????,???????????????????????????,
  ????????????????????
• ????????(transgenic)???????????????,??????????????
  ???
• ??????(genetic markers)?????(genetic
  mapping)????????????????????(molecular
  tools),????????????,???????????

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?????????????

• ???????????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ????,???????????????
• ???????????????,????????(zebra fish)???(puffer
  fish)????(medaka fish)????(tilapia)???????????????
  ???(????????????)????

10
???

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????,???????????????????,?????????(hematopoiesis)
  ????????????????????????

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(No Transcript)
12
??

• ??????????400 Mbase,??????????1/8,???????????????,
  ????????,???????????????
• ?????????????????????????,????????????????????,???
  ????????????????
• ?????????????,???????????????????

13
(No Transcript)
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????(genetic map) ????????

• ??????????????????,????????,??????????????????????
  ???
• ?????????????????(Penaeus vannamei)???(P.
  monodon)????(P. japonicus)???????????????????

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??????????

• ????????(????????70??)??????(repetitive
  nature),?????????????(repetitive
  region)???????(sequence conservation),????????????
  ?????????
• ?????????????(microsatellite markers)??????????,??
  ?????????(Amplified fragment length polymorphism,
  AFLP)???????????????
• ???????????????????????
• ????????(molecular map)???????,???????????????????
  ???????
• ???????????????(heritable resistance to viral
  disease)????????????,??????????????(marker-assiste
  d selection tool)????????(high-performing
  broodstock)?

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EST (expressed sequence tag)??

• ?EST????,??????????????????cDNA????EST
  ??,??????GenBank?
• ??EST ?????,???????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????

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?????????

• ??????????????,???????????(??????80),????????????
  20?????????
• ???????????,????????????(pond-reared shrimp
  broodstocks),??????????????????????????,??????????
  ?????????????
• ???????????????????????????,??????,?????,?????????
  ??????????????
• ????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?
  ????????????????????

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????????????????

• ?????????????????,????????????????????????????????
  ??,?????????????????????,????????????????????

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?????????????

1. ????(Genetic selection)
2. ?????????
3. ??????????(Chromosome-set and sex manipulation)
4. ????????????????????????DNA???????/????
5. ????????????
6. ??????

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1. ????(Genetic selection)

• ????????????????????,????????,????????????????????
  ?,???????????????
• ??1920??,?????????????(endemic furunculosis)??????
  ???,?????,????????,????2???69?
• ?????????????(?)???????????????,??????????????????
  ????????,??????????????????????????????

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2. ?????????

• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????(???
  ?,??????????????????,????????)?
• ??????????????(heterosis),????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ???????????????????????????????????,????????????
• ????,???????????(?????????????)???(????)???(????)?
  ?????
• ????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????
  ??????????????

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3. ??????????(Chromosome-set and sex
manipulation)

• ????????????????????????????????????,????????????,
  ????????????????(genetic diversity),??????????????
  ???????????????
• ???????????????,?????????????????????
• ??????????????(sex reversal)???,??????????(combine
  d endocrine and genetic manipulations)?????(gynoge
  nesis)????(androgenesis)?????????(induced
  polyploidization)?????????????????

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4. ????????????????????????DNA???????/????

• ?????????????????????(quantitative trait loci
  QTL)???DNA???????/????(??????????????????),???????
  ?????(stock identification)???(breeding
  selection)???????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????,???????????????????
• ????????,?????????????????????????/?????????????(g
  enetic loci)?

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5. ????????????

• ????????????????????????????
• ???????,?????????????????????????
• ????????????????????,????????????????????????????(
  genetic conservation)????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????? ?

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6. ??????

• ????????????????,??????????????????????
• ????????????????????,??????????????,??????????????
  ??

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?????????

• ?????????????
• (1)????????
• (2)???????????????????
• (3)???????????????
• (4)???????,???/??????
• (5)????????????????????
• (6)??????????????????

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??????

• ???????????
• ???????(microinjection)
• ????(electroporation)
• ???(gene gun, particle bombardment-mediated gene
  transfer )
• ??????????(sperm-mediated gene transfer)?

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?????????????????

• ?????????????????,??????????????????????
• ????(growth hormone)?????
• ????(antifreeze protein, AFP)??????
• ??????????????????,?????????????
• ????????????????????,????????(???????,??????),????
  ????????????????,??????????????

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??????(substantial equivalence principle)

• ???????????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ???
• ??????????(Organization for Economic Cooperation
  and Development, OECD)?????????(substantial
  equivalence principle)????????
• ?????,??(all-fish)??????????????????(????????????)
  ?

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??(all-fish)????

• ????????????????????????????????(?????????),??????
  ???????????????????????,????????????????,?????????
  ????????????
• ?????????????????????,?????????????????(sockeye
  salmon)????????(metallothionein)?????????????????,
  ??????????????????11??
• ?????????????,???????????????????????????

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????????

• ???????????,?????????????????????????????,????????
  ?,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????
  ??????
• ???????????????????????,????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????,??????????
  ???

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??????????????????

• ?????????
• ????????
• ????????
• ???????????????????

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?????????

• ??????,?????????????,????????????????????????????,
  ??????????????????
• ????????????????????3-5???????????,???????????????
  ??????10-30??
• ?????????????????????????????????,????????????????
  ??????,?????????,?????????????????

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???
?????
?????
??????
?????????????(????)????(????)?????????????????????
??????????????????(???),??????????????????????????
????????????????????????????,????????(additive)???
? (???Nature 409 781-782, 2001???????????????????
) Devlin, R. H., Biagi, C. A., Yesaki, T. Y.,
Smailu, D. E., and Byatt, J. C. (2001) Growth of
domesticated transgenic fish. Nature 409, 781-782.

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????????

• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????,??????,????????????????????AFP
  s???????(antifreeze glycoproteins,
  AFGPs),????????,???????????
• ?????????????,????AFPs?AFGPs??,???????,???????????
  ???????(sea pen culture)?????,????????????,???????
  ????
• ????????????????AFP??????????,?????????,??????????
  ?????????????

36
????????

• ????????????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ?,????????DNA????????????????
• (1)??????RNA (antisense RNA)?DNA
• (2)??????(ribozyme)?DNA
• (3)?????
• (4)????(antimicrobial)??
• (5)??????????????

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???????????????????

• ???????????????,????????????????,?????????????????
  ?????,????????????????????????????
• ?????????,???????????????,????????????????????????
  ?????????

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???????
SPF????????
????
WSSV
IHHNV
?????????
YHV
TSV
SPF???????? ??????
?????????????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ????? ?????(SPR)
???? ?
????
??(????????)?????????????????????????????????????(
SPF)???,??????????????????(specific pathogen
resistant, SPR)???,?????????????????