Title: GIS for Environmental Science
1GIS for Environmental Science
- ENSC 3603
- Class 18
- 3/12/09
2Topics for Today
- GIS Implementation Phases continued
- Soil Survey
- Soil Analysis
3GIS Implementation Phases
- Assessment and evaluation of the current
situation - Development of a business concept
- Identification and specification of user
requirements - Identification and acquisition of data
- Benefit-cost analysis
- Devising a strategic plan
- Choice of hardware and software
- Defining and obtaining the necessary expertise
- Choosing a GIS supplier
- System implementation
- Operation and maintenance of the system
- (Bernhardsen, 1999)
4Benefit-cost analysis
- Justification usually begins with an effort to
identify and assign a price to the benefits and
cost of adopting a GIS. - What are the Costs of using current methods?
- Will using a GIS improve efficiency enough to
justify the cost of implementation and
maintenance.
5Devising a strategic plan
- Business management consists of two general
categories strategic and tactical. - Strategic management is laying out the overall
long-term course of an enterprise. - Tactical management is taking the short-term
actions that keep the enterprise on the course
provided by the strategic plan (Kay and Edwards).
6Strategic plan Examples
- Arkansas Division of Agriculture
- http//division.uaex.edu/news_publications/strateg
ic_plan/strategic_plan.pdf - Tucson, AZ Water
- http//www.terrasw.com/tucwater/statplan/default.h
tm - Ontario, CA City Plan
- http//www.ci.ontario.ca.us/index.cfm/3306
7Choice of hardware and software
- The right choices are essential.
- Can be easy in that technical characteristics and
prices can be compared. - Can be difficult because future applications are
unknown and computer technologies change
continuously. (Bernhardsen)
8Defining and obtaining the necessary expertise
- Will you train in house or hire someone with
experience? - If you train current employees, how long will
that take and will their GIS duties compete with
other work duties on the job? - Consultants are not essential. If needed they
can guide the process.
9Choosing a GIS supplier
- Factors that will affect GIS acquisition
- Procedural requirements of your organization
- The characteristics of the planned system
- System Acquisition Steps
- Request for Qualifications
- Request for Information
- Request for Proposals
- Receipt and evaluation of proposals
- Benchmark Test
- Negotiation and contract
- Site preparation
- Hardware and software installation
- Acceptance testing (Tomlinson)
10Choosing a GIS supplier
- Selection Criteria
- Functionality will it perform required
functions - Cost
- Training Availability and quality
- System capacity/ scalability
- System speed
- System support
- Vendor reliability (stability, market share,
references from other users) (Tomlinson)
11System implementation
- Site Preparation are the servers and network
connections available for system installation? - Hardware and software installation The
complexity of the system will determine if the
vendor will provide this service. Often, the
vendor and the client are involved. - Acceptance testing Does the installed system
meet the criteria bid.
12Operation and maintenance of the system
- Continue to provide training support and upgrades
to the system.
13Soil Survey
- Soil Survey is a systematic examination,
description, classification, and mapping of the
soils in a given area. - Brady and Weil. 1996
14Soil Survey
- Cooperative effort between the NRCS, Land Grant
Universities and Counties where Survey is being
conducted. - You can get print versions if available at
USDA/NRCS and Cooperative extension service - NRCS Web Soil Survey
- http//websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/
15Soil Survey Components
- Mapping of the soils
- Characterization of the Mapping Units
- Classification of the Mapping Units
- Correlation to other Soil Surveys
- Interpretation of the soil suitability for
various land uses
16Soil Survey Components
- Map Units a collection of the areas which have
similar defined soil properties. Due to these
similar soil properties, interpretations can be
made for use and management of the soils in the
Mapping Unit - Map Units have a two letter code that is Capital
then lower case, this is usually followed by a
slope class code ( a Capital letter form A to F) - Example CaB Captina silt loam, 1 to 3 percent
slopes - Le Leaf silt loam
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18Information Provided by Soil Survey
- 1. Properties of Soil Map Units
- color permeability stoniness depth to bedrock
- pH structure salinity texture
- slope H2O availability horizon
thickness engineering properties - erosion hazard
- and other physical and chemical properties
- 2. Position on the Landscape
- 3. Percent Area in the Landscape
- 4. Capacities
- Yield for crop, pasture and vegetable
- Suitability for silviculture or forestry,
floriculture or flowering plants, recreation,
wildlife and water infrastructure - Engineering potentials and hazards
-
19Captina
- Captina Series - Missouri Distribution
- The Captina series consists of deep, moderately
well drained soils on uplands. These soils formed
in a thin layer of loess and in cherty sediments.
They have a fragipan. Permeability is moderate in
the upper part of the profile and slow in the
fragipan. Slopes range from 2 to 9 percent. - Typical pedon of Captina silt loam, 2 to 5
percent slopes, 2,200 feet south and 800 feet
west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 26
N., R. 3 E. - A0 to 5 inches brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam,
light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry weak fine
granular structure very friable many fine and
medium roots common fine pores common worm
channels and casts very strongly acid clear
wavy boundary. BE5 to 12 inches yellowish brown
(10YR 5/4 and 5/6) silt loam weak fine
subangular blocky structure friable in the E
part, firm in the B part common fine and medium
roots common fine pores common worm channels
few fine pieces of carbonized material very
strongly acid gradual smooth boundary.
20- Bt12 to 26 inches strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
silty clay loam moderate medium subangular
blocky structure firm common fine and medium
roots few faint clay films on faces of peds
common fine pores few worm channels and casts
very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt loam in old root
channels extremely acid clear wavy
boundary.Bx126 to 30 inches light yellowish
brown (10YR 6/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
silty clay loam moderate fine subangular blocky
structure brittle in place firm few fine
roots few fine pores about 10 percent chert
fragments extremely acid abrupt wavy
boundary.Bx230 to 36 inches mottled brownish
yellow (10YR 6/8), strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and
light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very cherty silty
clay loam moderate fine subangular blocky
structure brittle in place firm about 60
percent chert fragments extremely acid clear
wavy boundary.Bx336 to 60 inches mottled light
olive brown (2.5Y 5/6), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6),
and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very cherty silty
clay loam brittle in place chert-controlled
structure firm thick clay flows along polygonal
structure lines about 60 percent chert
fragments extremely acid.
21- Depth to the fragipan ranges from 16 to 28
inches. In uncultivated areas the A horizon has
chroma of 2 or 3. The content of chert in this
horizon ranges from 0 to 5 percent. The BE
horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and chroma of 4
to 6. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. The Bt
horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and chroma of 4
to 8. The Bx horizon is mottled with hue of 7.5YR
to 2.5YR and chroma of 2 or 8 and shades of gray
and yellowish red. It is silt loam, silty clay
loam, or the cherty or very cherty analogs of
those textures. The content of chert in this
horizon ranges from 10 to 60 percent.
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24Generalized Landscape Positions 1 Summit 2 and
3 Shoulder Slope 4 and 5 Backslope 6
Footslope 7 Toeslope
Position helps understand relative Alluvial vs.
Colluvial material deposition.
25Slope Classes
- 0 2 or 0 3 sometimes 0 6 A
- 2 8 or 3 8 sometimes 2 6 B
- 8 15 C
- 15 25 sometimes 12 20 D
- 25 35 sometimes 20 45 E
- 35 60 F
- Designated by a A, B, C, D, E or F at the end of
the Map Unit Symbol
26Drainage Classes
27Redox Features and Mottling in Relation to
Drainage Classes
- 0 6 in. very poorly drained
- 6 12 in. poorly drained
- 12 20 in. somewhat poorly drained
- 20 32 in. moderately well drained
- 32 42 in. well drained
- 42 52 in. somewhat excessively well drained
- gt 52 in. excessively well drained
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30Soil Analysis
- Physical analysis
- Particle size
- Moisture content
- Bulk density
- Available water capacity
- Chemical analysis
- Electrical conductivity
- pH
- Available NPK
- Organic matter content
31Physical Soil Analysis
- Soil Particle size Analysis
- Soil consists of discrete particles of various
shapes and sizes. The object of a particle size
analysis is to group these particles into
separate ranges of sizes and so determine the
relative proportion by weight of each size range. - The method employs sieving and sedimentation of a
soil/water/dispersant suspension to separate the
particles. The sedimentation technique is based
on an application of Stokes law to a soil/water
suspension and periodic measurement of the
density of the suspension. - Uses a soil hydrometer, graduated cylinders, a
sieve, timer.
32Physical Soil Analysis
Soil texture relative proportion of different
grain sizes Of mineral particles in the
soil. Sand, Silt, Clay
33Physical Soil Analysis
- Soil moisture content measurements (partial list)
- Gravimetric. This involves collecting a sample,
weighing it, drying it, and then reweighing it. - Porous resistance blocks. Can be calibrated to
measure either content or potential. Their
performance is only acceptable in relatively dry
soil where the q - y relation is more or less
linear. They are easy to use once calibrated, but
are not particularly accurate - Neutron probes. Provide high accuracy and
non-destructive testing, by measuring water
content surrounding an access tube installed in
the soil. Use is declining because of the health
risk and legal reporting requirements. - Theta Probe -
34Physical Soil Analysis
- Bulk Density
- The weight of a volume of bulk soil. Water is the
standard by which other densities are compared.
For water 1 g/cc 1 Mg/m3 1 kg/L
http//soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/6-1inst.jpg
35Physical Soil Analysis
- Available water capacity
- The range of available water that can be stored
in soil and be available for growing crops.
36Chemical Soil Analysis
- 1954 to 1986
- NH4 Acetate by sequential Atomic Adsorption (AA)
- K
- CA
- Mg
- Na
- Bray P1 by Spec 20
- P04 -P
37Soil Analysis
- 1997 to present
- Mehlich-3 by simultaneous Inductively Coupled
Argon Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICP-AE) - Ca, Mg, K, Na
- Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu
- B
- PO4-P
- SO4-S
- 11 analyses every 60s
38Soil Analysis
- What is a good extractant?
- Mimics a plant root.
- Plant available nutrients released form the soil
during the growing season - Good Procedure
- Rapid
- Inexpensive
- Analysis are well correlated to crop nutrient
response
39Soil Analysis
- Extactants
- NH4 Acetate
- Major nutrients
- DTPA
- Minor nutrients
- Bray P1
- Phosphorus
- Mehlich-3 (used in Arkansas soil testing lab)
- All the above
40Soil Analysis
- Analytical Instrumentation
- Spectrophotometer (Spec 20)
- PO4-P
- Bray P1
- Walkley-Black soil organic matter (Chromic Acid)
41Soil Analysis
- Analytical Instrumentation
- Flame Atomic Adsorption (AA)
- Ca, Mg, K, Na (NH4 Acetate)
- Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, (DTPA)
- Acetylene flame
42Soil Analysis
- Analytical Instrumentation
- Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma
Spectrophotometry (ICP-AE) - Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, P, S, (Mehlich-3)
- Argon Carrier
43Soil Analysis
- Analytical Instrumentation
- pH Ionic Strength
- Soils can be difficult
- Buffer solution high
- Sample low
- Selective Ion Electrodes
- 12 pH
- NO3-N
44Soil Analysis
- Soil pH
- Soil pH is a measure of hydrogen-ion (H)
activity in a soil suspension. This property
influences the many aspects of crop production
and soil chemistry, including availability of
nutrients and toxic substances, activity and
diversity of microbial populations, and activity
of certain pesticides. Soil pH is defined as the
negative logarithm (base 10) of the H activity
(moles per liter) in the soil solution. As the
activity of H in the soil solution increases,
the soil pH value decreases. Soils with pH values
below 7 are referred to as acid pH values
above 7 are referred to as alkaline soils at
pH 7 are referred to as neutral. - Saturated paste used for testing pH
- 11
- 12
- 15
- 110
- 0.01M CaCl2
- 1.0M KCl
45Soil Analysis
- Soil electrical conductivity
- The purpose To determine the concentrations of
soluble salts. All soil has some water soluble
salts which include essential nutrients for
plants to grow. If the water soluble salts exceed
an certain level then harmful effects on plant
growth occur. The common unit of measurement for
electrical conductivity is microsiemens/centimeter
formerly micromhos/cm.
46Soil Analysis
- Soil Organic Matter
- Total Organic Carbon
- 900oC
- Walkley-Black (Old)
- Low heat chromic acid digest
- Loss on Ignition (Old)
- 450oC
47Chemical Soil Analysis
- Factors that Affect Analysis
- Temperature
- Extractant
- Shaking Time
- Extraction Ratio
- Instrumentation
- Sample partial size
- Technique
- (The Soil Analysis information is from Bill Baker)
48Soil Analysis
- Arkansas Soil testing Lab
- http//www.uark.edu/depts/soiltest/
- Understanding your soil test report
- http//www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/F
SA-2118.pdf
49Example Exam Questions
- Other Example Quiz questions
- 1. What is the first GIS implementation Phase?
- 2. A _______ _______ defines a organizations
purpose and forms the basis for defining tasks to
be implemented by the organization - 3. Name two examples of how you might identify
and specify GIS user requirements. - 4. Define Data Quality.
- 5. The level of data quality should be balanced
against the ________________________________. - 6. _________ is the degree to which data agree
with the values of the real-world features that
they represent. - 7. ___________ is a measure of how exact data
are measured and stored.
50Example Exam Questions
- 8. T of F. High precision always means high
accuracy - 9. List three types of errors.
- 10. What type of error refers to mistakes.
They can be detected and avoided via
well-designed and careful data collection. - 11. What implies the lack of confidence in the
use of the data due to incomplete knowledge of
the data. - 12. Name the five data quality components and be
able to define them. - 13. List and be able to describe Geographic Data
Standards.
51Example Exam Questions Cont.
- What is a soil Survey?
- List the five components of a Soil Survey.
- 16. Name four properties of soil map units in a
soil survey. - 17. List four types of information provided by a
soil survey. - 18. What are the factors that affect soil test
analysis. - 19. Why would you want to do a Benefit-Cost
Analysis before you started a GIS for an
organization? - 20. What is Strategic Management?
- What are three selection Criteria that you can
use to choose a GIS supplier. - What are two characteristics of a good soil
analysis extractant?
52Read and Do
- Lab at the Farm Tuesday the 24th
- Exam Thursday the 26th
- Review, look at quizzes, ESRI ArcGIS tutorials
through module 8. Review Exam 1, chapters in Lo
(2007) - Turn in ESRI Learning ArcGIS Tutorial module 8
Today.
53-Ultimately all you will have left at the end of
the day are your name and your reputation. Invest
in them wisely and you and others will
simultaneously reap the rewards. Leonard A.
Schlesinger - Management expert -I am always
doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may
learn how to do it." - Pablo Picasso 1881-1973