CONFINED SPACE

1
CONFINED SPACE

• 8 HOUR
• CONFINED SPACE /
• TRENCH AWARENESS

2
CONFINED SPACE

• Types of Confined Spaces
• Sewers
• Silos
• Vats
• Ventilation and Exhaust ducts
• Boilers

3
CONFINED SPACE

• Types of Confined Spaces
• Pipelines
• Underground Utility vaults
• Tunnels
• Railroad Roadway tank cars

4
CONFINED SPACE

• Reasons for entering confined spaces
• Cleaning
• Inspections
• Maintenance
• Training
• RESCUE

5
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Qualified person
• A person designated by the Employer in writing,
  as capable (by education and/or specialized
  training) of anticipating, recognizing and
  evaluating employee exposure to hazardous
  substances or other unsafe conditions in a
  Confined Space

6
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Qualified person
• This person shall be capable of specifying
  necessary control and/or protective action to
  insure worker safety

7
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Attendant A trained individual, stationed
  outside the Confined Space area who monitors
  authorized entrants working in Permit - Required
  Confined Spaces

8
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Authorized Entrant A trained individual who is
  authorized to enter a Permit - Required Confined
  Space area to perform work

9
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Entry Supervisor A trained individual who
  verifies that all requirements for Permit -
  Required Confined Space entry have been met,
  authorizing and overseeing entry operations, and
  for terminating entries

10
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Hazardous Atmosphere An atmosphere that may
  expose employees to the risk of death,
  incapacitation, impairment of ability to self -
  rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit
  space), injury or acute illness from one or more
  of the following

11
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Hazardous Atmosphere Flammable gas, vapor, or
  mist in excess of 10 of its Lower Flammable /
  Explosive Limits (LFL / LEL)

12
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Hazardous Atmosphere Airborne combustible dust
  at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LEL
  / LFL

13
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Hazardous Atmosphere Oxygen concentration below
  19.5 or above 23.5

14
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Hazardous Atmosphere Concentration of any
  substance published in Subpart G, Occupational
  Health Environmental Control, or Subpart Z,
  Toxic and Hazardous Substances, in excess of its
  dose or Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)

15
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Hazardous Atmosphere Any other atmospheric
  condition that is Immediately Dangerous to Life
  Health (IDLH)

16
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Hazardous Atmosphere Immediately Dangerous to
  Life Health (IDLH) - any condition that
• Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life
• Would cause irreversible adverse health effects

17
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Hazardous Atmosphere Immediately Dangerous to
  Life Health (IDLH) - any condition that
• Would interfere with an individuals ability to
  escape unaided from a permit space

18
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Engulfment - The surrounding and effective
  capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided
  (flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated
  to cause death by filling or plugging the
  respiratory system, or that can exert enough
  force on the body to cause death by
  strangulation, constriction, or crushing

19
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere - an atmosphere
  containing less than 19.5 oxygen by volume

20
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres - an atmosphere
  containing more than 23.5 oxygen by volume

21
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Permit Required Confined Space (PRCS) - a
  confined space that has one or more of the
  following characteristics
• contains or has a potential to contain a
  hazardous atmosphere
• contains a material that has a potential for
  engulfing an entrant

22
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Permit Required Confined Space (PRCS) - a
  confined space that has one or more of the
  following characteristics
• has an internal configuration such that an
  entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
  inwardly converging walls or by a floor which
  slopes and tapers to a smaller cross section

23
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Permit Required Confined Space (PRCS) - a
  confined space that has one or more of the
  following characteristics
• contains any other recognized serious safety or
  health hazard

24
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Non-Permit Confined Space - A space that does not
  contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards,
  have the potential to contain any hazard capable
  of causing death or serious physical harm

25
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Inerting - displacement of the atmosphere in a
  permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as
  nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting
  atmosphere is noncombustible

26
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Isolation - The process by which a permit
  required confined space is removed from service
  and completely protected against the release of
  energy and/or material into the confined space by
  such means as
• Blanking and bleeding
• Removing sections of lines, pipes or ducts

27
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Isolation - The process by which a permit
  required confined space is removed from service
  and completely protected against the release of
  energy and/or material into the confined space by
  such means as
• Double block and bleed
• Lockout, tagout, or tryout of all sources of
  energy
• Blocking or disconnecting of all linkages

28
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Retrieval system - the equipment including a
  retrieval line, class III harness, wristlets, if
  appropriate, and lifting device used for on-entry
  rescue of workers from a permit-required confined
  space.

29
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Acceptable Entry Conditions - the condition that
  must exist in a confined space to allow entry and
  ensure that employees involved with a
  permit-required confined space entry can work
  within the confined space

30
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Entry -
• The action by which a person passes through an
  opening into a permit required confined space,
  and includes ensuing work activities in that
  space

31
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Entry Permit -
• The written or printed document provided by the
  Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) to allow and
  control entry to a permit space

32
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Entry Permit -
• Content of each permit is based on the AHJs
  identification and evaluation of each hazard of
  that permit space, or class of spaces, and all
  procedures the AHJs requires for protecting
  entrants from those hazards during entry

33
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Entry Permit -
• Each permit contains the information specified in
  paragraph (f), (ENTRY PERMIT), of the standard

34
CONFINED SPACE

• Definitions
• Prohibited Condition - any condition in a permit
  space that is not allowed by the permit during
  the period when entry is authorized

35
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• The employer will decide if the workplace
  contains Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS)

36
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• If workplace contains PRCS, the employer must
  inform employees of their existence, location and
  dangers

37
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• If the employer decides employees will enter
  permit spaces, the employer shall develop and
  implement a written entry program

38
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• The employer may use alternate entry procedures
  provided certain conditions and requirements are
  met

39
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• When there are changes in use or configuration of
  a non-permit confined space that might increase
  the hazards to entrants, the Employer shall, if
  necessary, reclassify as a permit space

40
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• If there are no actual or potential atmospheric
  hazards and if all hazards within the space are
  eliminated without entry, space may be
  reclassified for as long as the non-atmospheric
  hazards remain eliminated

41
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• If entry into a confined space is required to
  eliminate hazards, it shall be according to
  regulations and the confined space may be
  reclassified for as long as the hazards remain
  eliminated.

42
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• The entry supervisor shall certify in writing
  that all hazards in PRCS have been eliminated and
  make this document available to each entrant

43
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• If hazards arise in Alternate Entry Permit Space
  or Non-permitted Space, employees shall exit the
  confined space and the entry supervisor shall
  determine whether to reclassify the confined space

44
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• When the employer arranges for contractor to
  perform PRCS entry work, the Employer shall
• Inform contractor of the employers PRCS entry
  program

45
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• When the employer arranges for contractor to
  perform PRCS entry work, the Employer shall
• Appraise contractor of particular PRCS hazards,
  precautions and procedures implemented for
  protection of employees in or near the Permitted
  Space

46
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• When the employer arranges for contractor to
  perform PRCS entry work, the Employer shall
• Coordinate entry operations with contractor when
  both will be working in or near Permitted Spaces
  and debrief contractor after entries

47
REQUIREMENTS

• General
• When the employer arranges for contractor to
  perform PRCS entry work, the Employer shall
• Contractors shall comply with the Employers PRCS
  Entry Program during combined employee entries
  and coordinate multiple entry operations

48
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• The AHJ may use alternate entry procedures as
  specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain
  conditions listed below
• The Entry Supervisor demonstrates that only
  hazards posed by permit space is actual or
  potential hazardous atmosphere

49
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• The AHJ may use alternate entry procedures as
  specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain
  conditions listed below
• The Entry Supervisor demonstrates that continuous
  forced air ventilation alone is sufficient to
  maintain a safe permit space

50
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• The AHJ may use alternate entry procedures as
  specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain
  conditions listed below
• The employer develops monitoring and inspection
  data that supports above demonstrations

51
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• The AHJ may use alternate entry procedures as
  specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain
  conditions listed below
• If an initial entry is necessary to obtain above
  data, entry shall be performed in accordance with
  OSHA 1910.146

52
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• The AHJ may use alternate entry procedures as
  specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain
  conditions listed below
• Determinations and supporting data shall be
  documented by the Entry Supervisor and made
  available to entrants

53
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• The AHJ may use alternate entry procedures as
  specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain
  conditions listed below
• Entry must be in accordance with requirements
  that follow

54
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• If alternate entry procedures are used, the
  following will be allowed
• No formal written program
• No permit system or permits
• No attendant or supervisor
• No rescue provisions
• Training required

55
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• Requirements for Alternate Entry
• Any condition making it unsafe to remove an
  entrance cover shall be eliminated before the
  cover is removed

56
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• Requirements for Alternate Entry
• When entrance covers are removed, opening shall
  be promptly and effectively protected

57
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• Requirements for Alternate Entry
• Before entry, internal atmosphere shall be tested
  with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for
  the following conditions in the order listed
• Oxygen content
• Flammable gases and vapors
• Potential toxic air contaminants

58
REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures
• Requirements for Alternate Entry
• There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the
  confined space until after it is occupied

59
REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures for using continuous forced air
  ventilation
• Entry will not be permitted until hazardous
  atmosphere is eliminated
• Ventilation shall be directed to immediate areas
  where employees are or will be present and shall
  continue until employees have left space

60
REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures for using continuous forced air
  ventilation
• Air supply shall be from a clean source and may
  not increase hazards in space
• Atmosphere within space shall be continuously
  tested

61
REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures when a hazardous atmosphere is
  detected during entry
• Each employee shall leave the confined space
  immediately
• Permit space shall be evaluated to determine how
  hazardous atmosphere developed

62
REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures when a hazardous atmosphere is
  detected during entry
• Measures shall be taken to protect employees from
  the hazardous atmosphere before a subsequent
  entry
• The Entry Supervisor shall certify in writing
  that the confined space is safe for entry and
  that all of the above requirements have been met

63
REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures when a hazardous atmosphere is
  detected during entry
• The Entry Permit will be available to each
  employee before entry

64
REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)
• Use of the PECS Program
• Prevent unauthorized entry
• Identify and evaluate hazards before entry

65
REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)
• Use of the PECS Program
• Establish safe practices, such as
• Isolation
• Purging
• Inerting
• Ventilation
• Barricades
• Lock out/tag out

66
REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)
• Provide and maintain equipment necessary for safe
  entry, including testing and monitoring,
  ventilation, communications, personal protection,
  lighting, barriers, ingress and egress, and rescue

67
REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)
• Test Permit Space and document results
• Maintain acceptable conditions in Permit Space

68
REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)
• Provide at least one attendant outside the
  Permitted Space for the duration of entry
  operations
• Identify duties of each employee and provide
  training

69
REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)
• Establish a written system for preparation,
  issuance, use and cancellation of Entry Permits

70
REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)
• Coordinate entry operations during multiple
  employer entries
• Review entire program at least annually, unless
  previously reviewed at conclusion of a specific
  entry

71
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• The Entry Supervisor, through the permit system,
  shall
• Ensure all PRCS Entry Permits are issued and
  posted at the entry portal
• Ensure that the duration of the Permit does not
  exceed the time required to complete the task

72
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• The Entry Supervisor, through the permit system,
  shall
• Ensure that all PRCS Permits are appropriately
  cancelled in a timely manner

73
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• The Entry Permit must provide the following
  information
• Permit Space(s) to be entered
• Purpose of entry
• Date and authorized duration of entry permit
• Authorized entrants

74
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• The Entry Permit must provide the following
  information
• Attendants
• Entry Supervisors, by printed name and signature
• Hazards of the permit space
• Measures required to control hazards of the space

75
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• The Entry Permit must provide the following
  information
• Acceptable entry condition
• Test results with signature or initials of
  tester(s)
• Rescue services, and the means to summon them

76
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• The Entry Permit must provide the following
  information
• Communication procedures and equipment are on
  site
• All special equipment and procedures, including
  personal protective equipment and rescue equipment

77
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• The Entry Permit must provide the following
  information
• Any other information needed to ensure safe entry
• Any additional permits needed for welding,
  cutting, and brazing

78
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees duties
• Authorized entrants
• Know the hazards that may be faced during entry,
  including mode, signs or symptoms, and
  consequences of exposure
• Properly use all required equipment

79
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees duties
• Authorized entrants
• Communicate with attendant as necessary to enable
  attendant to monitor status and to alert entrants
  of need to evacuate
• Alert attendant whenever any warning sign or
  symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or a
  prohibited condition is detected

80
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees duties
• Authorized entrants
• Exit from the permit space as quickly as possible
  whenever
• Order to evacuate is given by attendant or entry
  supervisor
• Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of
  exposure to a dangerous situation

81
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Authorized entrants
• Exit from the permit space as quickly as possible
  whenever
• Entrant detects a prohibited condition
• Evacuation alarm is activated

82
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Authorized entrants
• RESCUERS MUST BE TRAINED TO THE ENTRANT LEVEL

83
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Authorized attendants
• Know the hazards that may be faced during entry
• Know the possible behavioral effects of hazards

84
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Authorized attendants
• Continuously maintains accurate count of entrants
• Remain outside of permit space during entry
  operations until relieved by another attendant

85
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Authorized attendants
• Communicate with entrants as necessary to monitor
  status and alert of need to evacuate space
• Monitor activities inside and outside the space
  to determine if it is safe for entrants to remain
  in space and order evacuation when necessary

86
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Authorized attendants
• Summon rescue and emergency services when
  emergency exit from permit space is necessary

87
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Authorized attendants
• Take the following actions when unauthorized
  persons approach or enter a permit space while
  entry in underway
• Warns them to stay away
• Advised them to exit immediately if they have
  entered
• Informs authorized entrants and entry supervisor
  if unauthorized persons enter space

88
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Authorized attendants
• Perform non-entry rescues
• Perform no duties that might interfere with
  attendants primary duty to monitor and protect
  authorized entrants

89
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Entry Supervisors
• Know the hazards that may be faced during entry
• Verity that acceptable conditions for entry exist
• Terminate entry when operations are completed or
  a prohibited condition arises

90
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Employees Duties
• Entry Supervisors
• Verify rescue services are available
• Remove unauthorized persons who enter or attempt
  to enter permit space during operations
• Determine, whenever responsible and at
  appropriate intervals, that acceptable entry
  conditions are maintained

91
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Rescue Services - ability to restore an airway
  and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes
• On site team
• Must be properly trained in entry procedures,
  rescue procedures and PPE equipment

92
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Rescue Services - ability to restore an airway
  and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes
• On site team
• Permit space rescues must be practiced at least
  annually from similarly configured spaces

93
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Rescue Services - ability to restore an airway
  and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes
• On site team
• Must be trained in basic first-aid and CPR, and
  have at least one member currently certified

94
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Rescue Services - ability to restore an airway
  and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes
• Off-site team
• Inform rescue service of hazards they may confront

95
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Rescue Services - ability to restore an airway
  and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes
• Off-site team
• Provide rescue service with access to all permit
  spaces so they can develop appropriate rescue
  plans and practice rescue operations

96
REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System
• Rescue Services - ability to restore an airway
  and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes
• Off-site team
• If injured entrant is exposed to substance with a
  required MSDS, it shall be made available to
  medical facility treating entrant

97
HAZARDS

• The Incident itself
• Configurations
• Locations
• Height
• Depth

98
HAZARDS

• The Incident itself
• Difficult rescues, can be stationary or mobile
• May be above grade, below grade or at grade level

99
HAZARDS

• The Incident itself
• Can narrow at the bottom and/or the top
• Can be in an area difficult to get equipment to

100
HAZARDS

• Containment hazards (engulfment)
• coal, sand, grain, pellets, you can sink like
  quicksand or fall 20 threw a hole
• Water - you can drown

101
HAZARDS

• Biological hazards / health hazards
• MSD plants and sewers
• Human waste
• Hepatitis B
• Infection

102
HAZARDS

• Biological hazards / health hazards
• Storm sewers
• Rats
• Insects
• Contaminated water
• Hepatitis B

103
HAZARDS

• Biological hazards / health hazards
• Plants that work with biological specimens and
  hazardous materials
• Insects
• Contaminated water

104
HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards
• Electrical, augers, backhoes, welding equipment

105
HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards
• Difficulty with isolation - the process where the
  space is removed from service by
• Lockout, Tag out procedures, preferably at
  disconnect switches remote from the equipment

106
HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards
• Difficulty with isolation - the process where the
  space is removed from service by
• Disconnect
• Removing belt and chain drives, mechanical
  linkages when possible
• A computer from a remote location can turn on
  equipment or release a produce

107
HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards
• Difficulty with isolation - the process where the
  space is removed from service by
• Blanking and bleeding - pneumatic and hydraulic
  lines
• Securing - mechanical moving parts within a space
  with chains, bars, chocks, blocks and other
  devices

108
HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards
• Difficulty with isolation - the process where the
  space is removed from service by
• Double block and bleed
• Stored energy
• Static electricity

109
HAZARDS

• Weather
• The environment for time of season and day is
  extremely influencing

110
HAZARDS

• Weather
• Examples
• Rain
• Snow
• Heat
• Cold
• Low and high humidity

111
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Terms
• TLV - TWA - Threshold Limit Value, the amount of
  exposure a person can receive in an eight hour
  day, forty hours a week

112
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Terms
• EEL - STEL - Emergency Exposure Limits or Short
  Term Exposure Limit, the amount of exposure a
  person can receive in fifteen minutes during a
  rescue

113
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Terms
• IDLH - Immediately Deadly to Life and Health, the
  amount of an exposure a person receives that is
  immediately life threatening

114
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Terms
• LEL - UEL - Lower Explosive Limits and Upper
  Explosive Limits - Between this range,
  combustible gases can burn and explode. Above
  the UEL the concentration is too rich and below
  the LEL the concentration is too lean

115
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Recognize overexposure to yourself and co-workers
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Smell of rotten eggs
• Euphoria

116
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Oxygen ranges - 19.5 to 23.5 - can be displaced
  oxygen in a space from decaying plants, rust,
  introduction of another gas, inert gas cleansing
  and more

117
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Carbon Monoxide displaces oxygen in the human
  body, even when plenty of good air is available.
  ( 50 ppm ) Odorless, colorless, tasteless gas

118
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Extremely poisonous and flammable
• 10 ppm is the TLV
• IDLH is 300 ppm

119
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Has an odor of rotten eggs and immediately
  deadens you senses
• If you smell it, get out!

120
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Explosive gases - flammable hydrocarbons
• Methane
• Gasoline
• Acetylene
• Carbon monoxide

121
HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and
  hazards)
• Combustible dusts

122
HAZARDS

• Electrical and other energy sources
• Poor lighting
• Poor footing (slips, falls)

123
HAZARDS

• Improper training
• Retrieval system or methods shall be used
  whenever entry is made, unless the retrieval
  equipment would increase overall risk of entry or
  would not be of value

124
HAZARDS

• Improper training
• Each entrant shall use chest or full body
  harness, with retrieval line attached at the
  center of their back neat shoulder level, or
  above their head

125
HAZARDS

• Improper training
• Wristlets may be used in lieu of the chest or
  full body harness if employer can show use of
  chest or body harness is not feasible or creates
  a greater hazard and that use of wristlets is
  safest and most effective alternative

126
HAZARDS

• Improper training
• Other end of retrieval line shall be attached to
  a mechanical device or fixed point outside permit
  space for immediate use

127
HAZARDS

• Improper training
• Mechanical device shall be used to retrieve
  personnel from vertical type permit spaces more
  than 5 feet deep hazards associated with Confined
  Spaces

128
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use
• Time needed to intake atmosphere ( 1 second per
  foot of tubing)

129
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use
• Time needed for monitor to evaluate
• If you move too fast you can walk into or through
  a hazard
• Test 4 feet in all directions in front of you

130
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use
• Your test equipment must monitor what youre
  searching for
• Product
• LEL
• PPM

131
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use
• Types of monitors
• Gas detectors
• Particulate detectors
• Draeger tubes

132
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use
• Types of monitors
• Explosive meters
• Calibration per manufacturers recommendations
• Bump testing
• Fresh air calibration

133
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use
• Types of monitors
• Explosive meters
• Maintenance - department and manufacturers
  recommendations

134
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use
• SHOULD USE TWO MONITORS!!!!

135
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use
• WHEN ALARM GOES OFF - BELIEVE IT !!!
• Testing must be continuous for the outside and
  inside of the Confined Space (This makes sure
  that old problems dont reoccur and new ones
  dont arise

136
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Definition - the planned and systematic release
  and removal of gases and the replacement of these
  gases with a supple of fresh air

137
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Consider characteristics of gases
• Vapor densities
• Stratification

138
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Reasons for ventilation
• When the type of construction is unsuitable for
  natural ventilation
• To remove dangerous toxic gases

139
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Reasons for ventilation
• To reduce LELs to safe levels
• To produce a work environment with a temperature
  conducive to human habitation

140
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• When to ventilate - prior and during entry of
  confined space

141
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Where to ventilate
• In the area where the confined space is occupied
• During a rescue, the ventilation hose should be
  directed at the victims face when possible

142
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Ventilation must be continuous
• Ventilation equipment should be intrinsically
  safe if dealing with flammable gases

143
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Tubing should be sized so escape air can be
  released around if from the opening

144
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Area outside the Confined Space should be clear
  for dangerous expelled gases

145
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Make sure youre not purging you Confined Space
  with contaminated air from the outside
• Car exhaust, small engine exhaust
• Secure the scene and immediate area
• Use upwind

146
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Always operate the ventilator in the positive
  pressure mode an exhaust mode can draw flammable
  gases into your equipment and BOOM!!!!

147
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• How long to ventilate
• Until the confined space is free of toxic gases
  and the LEL is at a safe level
• MONITOR !!!
• Minimum of 5 minutes or
• 6 air exchanges in the space

148
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Blower considerations
• CFM (usually stamped on blower)
• The length of blower hose and the number of bends
  will affect the CFM achieved

149
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Blower considerations
• Tubing in hole should not obstruct exhaust gases,
  should allow one person to enter and exit

150
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Blower considerations
• The blower should not be closer than 5 feet to
  confined space
• Place blower upwind

151
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Blower considerations
• Blower should be operated for one minute prior to
  putting hose in confined space

152
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Blower considerations
• Placement of blower hose
• In a vertical confined space with a 90 degree
  bend, blow against the wall, at least one foot
  below the surface, and two feet above the floor

153
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation
• Blower considerations
• Placement of blower hose
• In a horizontal confined space lay hose on the
  floor with the end of the hose at least two feet
  from the end wall. Be sure blower is out of the
  path of the purged air

154
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment
• Components
• Hard hats
• Lights
• Radios
• Boots

155
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment
• Components
• Eye and hearing protection
• Splash protection
• SCBA
• Turn-outs (fire gear)
• Hazardous materials protection

156
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment
• Does equipment need to be intrinsically safe if
  yours?

157
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment
• Firefighting Protective Clothing - Nomex garment
  provides the best protection for out level of
  training
• Helmets - Shock and eye protection
• Turn out gear - fire and minor spill protection
• Boots - shin and sole protection

158
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment
• SCBA and Supplied Air Units
• Compatible air system with supplied air systems

159
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment
• SCBA and Supplied Air Unit
• Supplied air system
• 10 minute escape bottle recommended
• one person with the main system

160
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment
• SCBA and Supplied Air Unit
• Supplied air system
• Keep short distances for possible kinking of hose
• 100 foot maximum

161
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment
• SCBA and Supplied Air Units
• Standard SCBA enables us greater freedom of
  movement but air supply is limited
• MUST BE POSITIVE PRESSURE !!!

162
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• SCBA and Supplied Air Unit
• Physicals are required yearly

163
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Approved full body harness, life line, tripods,
  descent and retrieval systems
• Tri Pod Retrieval System
• Life Line Retrieval

164
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Tools/equipment
• Non-sparking
• Air driven tools, intrinsically safe (drills,
  saws, cleaning equipment)

165
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Tools/equipment
• Electrical equipment
• Electrical is a source of ignition
• Should be on surge protectors and / or ground
  faults
• Needs to be grounded
• Should be low voltage

166
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Methods of Communication
• Radios
• Wont turn corners
• Difficulty in thick cement structures
• Difficulty underground
• May need to be intrinsically safe

167
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Methods of Communication
• Life Line - O A T H
• O OK - 1 pull on rope
• A Advance line - 2 pulls on rope
• T Take up slack - 3 pulls on rope
• H HELP !!! 4 or more pulls on rope

168
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Methods of Communication
• Hand Signals
• Department usage
• Sight
• Voice

169
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Identification system / Accountability system
• Name of attendant
• Name Number of entrants
• Time in and out of confined space
• Time on and off air system

170
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Record keeping
• Types of records
• Training
• Permits
• Incidents

171
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Record keeping
• Types of records
• Medical surveillance - can use OSHAs Hazardous
  Materials regulations for this
• Equipment maintenance

172
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Record keeping
• Record retention
• Must be kept for a minimum of 1 year
• Exposure records must be kept for 40 years or for
  30 years after employment termination

173
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Record keeping
• Record retention
• THE WORK DAY ISNT OVER UNTIL THE PAPERWORK IS
  COMPLETE

174
PROCEDURES

• Initial Operations
• Activate response plan
• Incident Command system
• Prevent unauthorized personnel from entering area
• Set up control zones

175
PROCEDURES

• Permit required confined space entry rescue
• Prepare permit or S.O.P.
• Check for hazards
• Air quality monitor
• Ventilate
• Tri-pod or other fixed point

176
PROCEDURES

• Permit required confined space entry rescue
• Retrieval system
• Full body harness
• Lighting
• Communications
• Personal protective equipment
• Rescue services

177
PROCEDURES

• Permit required confined space entry rescue
• Protect portal
• Post permit or S.O.P. at portal
• All entrants or rescuers are trained to complete
  assignment
• Make entry, perform assigned work
• Cancel permit

178
PLANNING

• Establish a confined space training program
• Make personnel aware of hazards
• Train personnel in tasks that your department can
  perform safely

179
PLANNING

• Preplan a confined space rescue response
• Develop a procedure for first in companies
• Develop a response plan with local area fire
  departments industry