Skills

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Skills

• Skills should be carried out with maximum
  efficiency and performed with minimum effort.
• A skilful performer is one who can control
  physical movement and can anticipate what is
  going to happen next as different skills and
  techniques are completed.
• 1) Write down some major skills and techniques
  involved in the activities in your course.
• 2) Write down a sports person that you think is
  the best in the world in their activity. Explain
  why you think they are so skilful.

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Simple Skills

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Simple Skills

CHEST PASS
HIGH SERVE
PUSH PASS
SIMPLE SKILLS
SET SHOT
HEADING
HEAD- STAND
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Complex Skills

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Butterfly stroke
Complex Skills

• High jump

• Basketball lay-up
• Volley
• Goal Keeper save

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Effects of Skills Techniques on Performance

Simple skills are made up of physical actions
which are common to many activities such as
kicking, jumping, striking, throwing, stretching
and rotating. You learn these basic skills
(moves) as you develop. Your skill level will
affect how well you can refine skills through
practice, use skills at the correct time, and
make decisions about when to use basic and
complex skills.
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Effects of Skills Techniques on Performance
(EXAMPLE)

When drawn to the net in badminton, a basic skill
is to return the shuttle high to back of the
opponents court with an underarm clear.
A complex skill would be a tight net shot.
Choose one skill from one activity. Explain how
you refined the skill through practice.
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What makes a skilled performance?

• A skilled performance shows three
  characteristics
• Sequences of movements are carried out in a
  fluent, controlled way often with minimum effort
• Correct options are selected
• Skills techniques are used which reflect the
  performers ability and experience

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Skill Learning

• Learning skills involves considering
• Safe practice
• Methods of practice
• How best to practise with a partner and in a
  group

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Safe Practice

This involves ensuring practice is at the right
level for your ability and completing a warm up
before practice and a cool down after practice.
It also involves understanding and abiding by the
safety rules. E.g. Swimming Class rules set
by the teacher Swimming pool rules Working
co-operatively with your partner or class
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Learning Skills
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Methods of Practice

• There are four main methods of practice that you
  need to know for physical education
• GRADUAL BUILD UP
• WHOLE PART WHOLE
• PASSIVE/ACTIVE PRACTICES
• REPETIITIVE PRACTICES

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Gradual Build Up

• Gradual build up is a useful practice method for
  learning complex skills. You learn the skill bit
  by bit. You build the skill up in stages. Often
  used when the skill is too difficult or dangerous
  to try.
• Gradual build up is a useful practice method as
  it allows you to
• Make practices more demanding in small steps
• Develop confidence
• Make practices challenging but achievable
• Gear practices to your stage of learning

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Gradual Build Up

• The best example for using the gradual build up
  method for an individual activity is the flight
  dive.
• Describe three different stages of building up
  to a flight dive in swimming

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Gradual Build Up

• Gradual build up practice method can also be
  used in team activities.
• E.g. Stage 1 In indoor hockey you are working
  on attack. 4 v 1. The object of the practice is
  to get past the defender.
• You must describe how you would gradually build
  up this practice to make it more challenging.

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Whole Part Whole

• Whole part whole is often used by performers who
  already have some experience of the activity. It
  works best when you can perform a version of the
  whole skill already.
• E.g. Front Crawl - Swimming
• Whole Try the whole stroke i.e. using both
  arms and legs
• Part With a float in hands, practise legs only
  to improve leg kick
• Whole Return to the whole stroke again to see
  if stroke has improved.

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PASSIVE/ACTIVE PRACTICES

• These are often useful to practise with a
  partner as they can vary the degree of opposition
  required to help you improve. E.g. Basketball
  lay up shot
• 1. Solo practice ensuring foot pattern and ball
  placement is correct.
• 2. With a partner receive pass from partner
  and perform lay-up shot.
• 3. Partner passes and then uses passive defence
  to mark you
• 4. Partner passes and then becomes an active
  defender who is trying to get ball.

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Repetition Practices
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Learning Skills Tasks

• 1. Choose one method of practice from list A and
  one from list B. Explain why you would use these
  methods of practice.(4)
• List A List B
• Shadow practice Passive/Active Practice
• Whole-part-whole Small sided games
• Cooperative practice Repetitive Practices
• 2. Choose two activities and describe, in detail,
  how you used these methods of practice to develop
  a skill. (Give specific details of a practice
  that you have used). (4)

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Learning Skills Tasks

• 3. Gradual build up is one method of learning and
  developing skills.
• i) What is meant by gradual build up? /2
• ii) Explain why you would use this method /2
• 4. Select two different skills where you used
  gradual build up. Choose an individual activity,
  a skill or technique. Describe how you learned to
  perform this skill or technique.
• Firstly I, /1 Then I, /1 Finally I, /1
• 5. Choose a Team activity, a skill or technique.
  Describe how you learned to perform this skill or
  technique.
• Firstly I, /1 Then I, /1 Finally I, /1

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Learning Skills Exam Questions

• Whole part whole and gradual build-up are two
  different methods of learning and developing
  skills. Explain why you used each method. (2)x2
• Choose an activity. Choose a skill/technique
  that could be improved using whole/part/whole.
  Describe what you did to improve this
  skill/technique using whole/part/whole. (2)
• ii) Now choose a different method of developing
  skills. (1)
• iii) Describe how you used this method to improve
  a skill/technique in an activity of your choice.
  (2)
• iv) Why was this an appropriate way to develop
  this skill/technique. (1)

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Movement Analysis

• One effective approach for breaking down a skill
  or technique is through analysing your
• Preparation is the first part of the movement
• Action is the middle part of the movement
• Recovery is the end of the movement
• You would use an observation schedule to achieve
  this

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Movement Analysis
An observation schedule would be used to analyse
your performance. E.g. Overhead Clear

PHASE OF ACTION FEATURES OF MODEL PERFORMANCE MY PERFORMANCE
Preparation ? Starts from base. ? Performer tracks path of shuttle and begins moving towards place shuttle will be played from. ? While moving, body turns side-on to net. ? Racquet is taken up and back behind head. ? Weight shifts mostly onto back foot. ? Back shoulder drops. ? Front arm balances racquet arm (both arms are raised). v v v v v
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Movement Analysis

PHASE OF ACTION FEATURES OF MODEL PERFORMANCE MY PERFORMANCE
Action ? Shoulder, arm and racquet are brought forward at speed to help generate power. ? Action resembles throwing action. ? Weight is transferred forward from back foot to front foot to coincide with moment of impact. ? Impact is with open racquet face above racquet shoulder. ? Performer strikes through shuttle and body weight continues to move forward (a smooth continuous action leads naturally into recovery). v v v

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Movement Analysis

PHASE OF ACTION FEATURES OF MODEL PERFORMANCE MY PERFORMANCE
Recovery ? Racquet comes down and across body in recovery phase. ? Forward movement at end of stroke leads to base and recovery of ready position. v
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Movement Analysis

• Benefits of Using an Observation Schedule
• Identifies Strengths Weaknesses of a skill
• Pinpoints specifically where weakness lies
• Practice programme can be designed from the
  information received
• You can use an observation schedule at the
  beginning and end of a training block to see if
  your technique has improved

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Stages of Learning

• There are three important stages in learning and
  developing skills
• Planning Stage (Cognitive)
• Practice Stage (Associative)
• Automatic Stage (Autonomous)

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Planning Stage

During the planning stage, you find out what the
skill involves. You establish what the parts of
the skill are and make your first attempts at
learning each part. Errors are likely to be
common at this stage in learning.
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Practice Stage

During the practice stage you link together all
the required subroutines of the skill. Simple
skills will require less practice than complex
skills. Quality practice will reduce the number
of mistakes made during performance.
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Automatic Stage

At this stage, most key subroutines have become
automatic in the performance. At the automatic
stage errors are less likely. You will be able
to do it without thinking. Your success rate
with an automatic skill will be high and your
mind will be free to concentrate on other aspects
of the game. Choose one skill from an activity
from the course. Explain, in detail, the
characteristics of performance at each stage of
skill learning.
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Overcoming Problems in Skill Learning

• Identify your performance strengths and
  weaknesses
• Compare with a classmates ability
• Compare with a model performer

• Highlights fitness needs of performance
• Exact requirements of different skills
• Effectiveness of decision making
• Highlights specific practice to overcome skill
  weaknesses

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Principles of Effective Practice

• For your practice to be effective you should set
  clear objectives. This will enable you to refine
  performance. You must consider your existing
  level of ability and current strengths and
  weaknesses and what aspects of your performance
  you want to improve. You must also consider
• Work/Rest Ratio
• Progression

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Principles of Effective Practice

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Principles of Effective Practice

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Principles of Effective Practice

Practising Under Pressure With skills and
techniques that you can complete with a high
degree of control and fluency it is important to
complete practice under pressure i.e. as you
improve practices must become more challenging.
This will make practice relate to performing in
competition. In team activities this could
involve increasing the demands of opponents.

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Feedback

• Feedback is information received by a performer
  about their performance.
• Positive feedback helps your performance
  improvement
• Effective feedback needs to be positive
• Feedback needs to be precise and accurate
• One or two points of feedback given at a time
• Feedback should be given as soon as possible
  after performance

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Feedback
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Feedback Exam Questions

• Choose an activity and a skill/technique. Select
  one type of feedback which helped you identify a
  problem. Describe how this feedback helped you
  to identify a problem. (2)
• ii) For the same skill choose a different type of
  feedback. Describe how this feedback helped you
  to identify a problem. (2)
• iii) Explain how feedback helped you to improve
  your performance in your chosen activity. (2)
• iv) Explain what is meant by internal feedback.
  (1)
• v) Explain what is meant by external feedback
• 2) Feedback is an important aspect of developing
  skills to an automatic stage. What is meant by
  feedback? (1)
• ii) How does feedback help you to develop a skill
  towards the automatic stage? (1)

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Co-operation

It is important that you can effectively
co-operate with class mates. This involves
practising together and talking about how best
complete tasks. Co-operation also involves
observing a partner and recording information.
When participating as part of a team working
co-operatively involves accepting responsibility
and recognising you role within a team.
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Mechanical Principles

• Learning Outcomes
• What is balance, are there different types of
  balance?
• Centre of gravity
• Body tension
• Transfer of Weight and benefits to performance if
  completed effectively
• Force and the application of force.
• Friction
• Follow through

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Balance

• Balance is the ability to retain the centre of
  gravity over your base of support. There are two
  types of balances
• Static balances
• 2) Dynamic balances

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Centre of Gravity

• Centre of gravity is to do with stability.
• The heavier you are, the more stable you will be
• To be balanced your centre of gravity should be
  inside your base
• A low position with a wide base is more balanced

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Centre of Gravity

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Body Tension

For technique to be effective it is helpful if
the major muscles involved in balances have good
body tension. In gymnastics explain how
good body tension helped to improve the quality
of your balances?
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Transfer Of Weight
The transfer of weight allows you to move your
body from one place to another. How well you
transfer your weight involves considering how
well balanced you are when performing. To
transfer your weight in any direction, you must
apply a force in the opposite direction. The
force is created when you contract your
muscles. At times, this can be single actions
such as throwing the javelin. At other times,
for example when running, simple actions are
repeated. Name 2 activities, describe one
technique which requires a single transference of
weight and describe another technique which
requires repeated transference of weight

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Application of Force
When performing different skills and techniques
different forces are applied and resisted. For
every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction (Newtons third law)

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Application of Force

If speed is required then the greater force
applied the better. Differences in the mass of
the body will affect performance. If the force
applied to the sprinting block (100m sprint) is
the same the athlete with a smaller mass will
accelerate at a quicker rate.
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Force
You must apply force in one direction to move in
the opposite direction. Look at the following
examples. Explain where force is applied and
what direction the person or equipment moves.

B
A.
C
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Friction

This is when contact between two surfaces cause a
slowing down or gripping effect. This can be an
advantage or disadvantage depending on the
activity and the skill or technique you are
trying to complete. Adv. Football boots getting
a good grip on the ground to stop the player
slipping and allow them to change direction
quickly DisAdv. In cycling when the wind slows
you down Choose four activities explain how
friction affects your performance.
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Rotation

In different activities you rotate (turn) in
order to carry out skills and techniques. When
throwing the discus in athletics you turn around
in a spinning back-to-front movement to generate
power. This is a complex technique. You build
up speed before throwing by quickly turning until
you have regained balance. You can also rotate
by performing a forward roll. Name two skills in
which you turn head over heals.
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Resistance
When you apply force there will be resistance.
Like friction, resistance can either be an
advantage or disadvantage. Adv. When
sprinting in athletics the starting blocks are an
advantage. They provide resistance. DisAdv. If
you are running into a headwind this slows you
down. Resistance can be reduced or increased
depending on your technique. In swimming if you
keep your head out of the water when doing the
front crawl this creates a greater resistance
with the water and slows you down. Reduce
resistance by putting head level with the water
(streamlined)

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Follow through
When completing different skills and techniques
it is important to have a good follow through. A
good follow through is part of effective
performance and follows on from the preparation
and action phases in different skills and
techniques. An example would be kicking a ball
in football, the follow through is in the
direction of the shot. In other actions the
follow through involves body rotation. The
ball and socket joints in the hips and
shoulder help rotation in this striking
action.

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Mechanical Principles
A. What is the importance of transfer of weight
when completing an overhead clear? B. When
completing a headstand what affect would having
a small base have your performance? C. Why is
body tension important when completing static
balances? D. Where must your centre of gravity be
maintained to hold a balance? E. Give an example
of a dynamic balance? F. Name two activities
where equipment is used to reduce friction? G. In
swimming, how did improving your technique,
reduce your resistance in the water? H. Describe
one technique in three different activities where
follow through is important (use kicking,
striking and throwing)?