The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• Chapter 23. p 521-537
• Quiz on Wednesday

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Discussion Question
What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to
begin in England?
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• Favorable natural resources
• Agricultural Revolution
• Population Pressure
• Growth of large manufacturing sector
• Cottage industry (putting-out system)
• Huge advantages in world trade
• Provide necessary capital?
• Technological developments
• Government support of business

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Transportation
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Favorable Natural Resources

• Coal
• Production
• 17502.5 million tons
• 182815 million tons
• Technology
• Originally relied upon muscle power
• Later helped by animal power and carts on rail
• Use of gunpowder
• Iron
• Coke replaced charcoal for smelting iron
• Better methods for smelting iron

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Coal Mining in Britain
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
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Agricultural Revolution

• New techniques practices
• Enclosure movement
• Crop rotation
• Use of horses
• New technologies
• Farmers treat farmingas science
• Jethro Tulls seed drill
• Metal farm implements

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Great Britains Population Growth 1500-1850
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Growth of Manufacturing

• Cottage Industry (Putting-out System)
• Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home
• Part-time or full-time work done by families
• Women and children helped with production
• Merchants distributed raw materials to spinners
  and weavers
• Constant shortages of thread led to new ways of
  spinning cotton

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Technological Advancements

• Textile Industry
• Spinning Jenny1770
• 1 worker could run 8 spindles instead of 1
• Water Frame1779
• Machine for spinning using water power
• Spinning Mule1779
• Combined spinning jenny water frame
• Rise of factory system
• Power Loom1785
• Not widely adopted until 1850
• Led to riots by hand weavers

• Other Inventions
• Steam Engine1763
• James Watt made steam engines practical for
  running machinery
• Cotton Gin1793
• Eli Whitneys invention increased the available
  supply of cotton
• Steamboat1807
• Robert Fulton
• Locomotive1814
• George Stephenson

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Clockwise from top left the spinning jenny, the
water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom
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Clockwise from top left the factory system,
Watts steam engine, and Stephensons locomotive
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Government Supports Business

• Englands Economic Advantages
• A central bank
• Well-developed credit market
• Government encouraged technological change and
  free markets
• Supported capitalism
• Labor surplus
• Builds railroads, canals, and better roads

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Discussion Question
What were the positive and negative effects of
early industrialization?
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Factory System
Textile Factory Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
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Textile Factory Workers
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Increasing Wealth
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Urbanization

• Effects related to urbanization
• Urban overcrowding
• Poor housing sanitation
• Rising crime rates
• Suburbanization
• Government functions shift
• Sewer systems
• Housing regulations
• Police forces

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Industrial Manchester
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Industrial Staffordshire
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Coalbrookdale by Night
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Problem of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman 1858
Father Thames Introduces His Offspring
(Diphtheria, Scrofula, and Cholera) to the Fair
City of London
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The New Industrial City
Above Early 19th century London by Gustave Dore
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(No Transcript)
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Changing Labor Conditions

• Women children are majority of laborers by 1816
• Paid less
• Many lived in factory dorms
• Work became unpleasant
• Workers separated from family
• Punctuality efficiency stressed
• Poor working hours wages, unemployment,
  frequent accidents
• Labor riots were common
• Luddites

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Changing Family Values

• Women withdrew from formal jobs
• New roles in caring for children
• Moral status improved
• Education stressed by middle class families
• Children seen as a source of emotional
  satisfaction

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Cultural Changes

• Rise of Mass Leisure Culture
• Widespread advertising creates consumer fads
  (bicycle)
• Newspapers become popular
• Radio and motion pictures
• Organized sports baseball, soccer, boxing, horse
  racing
• Family vacations for the wealthy and middle class

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Adjustments to Industrial Life

• Demographic Transition
• Declining birth rates
• Declining death rates for children
• Family size decreases
• Life expectancy increased
• Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur
• Women began to outlive men
• Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s

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Spread of Industrialization by 1850
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2nd Industrial Revolution

• Scientific advances applied to industry
• Major advances in physics and chemistry
• Led by the U.S. and Germany
• Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting to New
  York City in 1882
• General Electric and Westinghouse become the
  first multinational corporations
• New business structures corporations, trusts,
  and cartels

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2nd Industrial Revolution

• Advances in communications
• Needed by business managers to control their many
  branches
• Telegraph (1844) telephone (1876)
• Methods of Mass Production
• Electric power replaces steam power
• Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913)
• New waves of immigration
• Global industrialization Russia, Canada, Mexico,
  and Japan

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New York City, 1910
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Responses to Industrialization

• Changes in government functions
• The Constitutional Question settled by 1850
• The Social Question
• Beginning of the welfare state
• Social insurance (workers compensation,
  unemployment, etc.)
• Symbolized extension of government
• Corresponds with the democratization of the
  political system

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Reform Movements

• Political Reform Movements
• Utilitarianism
• Socialism
• Communism
• The Communist Manifesto (1848)
• New Political Parties
• Socialists
• Communists
• Methodist Church

Karl Marx
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Labor Reform

• Labor unions
• Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to
  push for reforms
• Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions
• Reform laws
• Combination Acts of 1825 Legalizes labor unions
• Factory Act of 1833 Child Labor
• Mines Act of 1842 Women and children cannot
  work underground

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Democratic Reforms

• Great Britain
• Reform Bill of 1832
• Chartist Movement
• Working class suffrage in 1867
• Rural laborers in 1884
• United States
• In 1800 property was requirement to vote
• All white males could vote by mid-1850s
• 15th Amendment (1870)

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Feminist Movements

• Goals
• Sought legal and economic rights
• Womens suffrage
• Leadership
• Middle class women
• Emmeline Pankhurst
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony
• English women gain the right to vote 1918
• U.S. in 1920 with the 19th amendment