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Why and How Were Programming Languages Developed?

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Why and How Were Programming Languages Developed? Software evolved with hardware Machine language 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Assembly languages – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Why and How Were Programming Languages Developed?


1
Why and How WereProgramming Languages Developed?
  • Software evolved with hardware
  • Machine language
  • 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
  • Assembly languages
  • ADD R1 R2, SUB R1 001
  • Higher-level languages
  • ForTran, Lisp, COBOL
  • Graphical interfaces
  • mouse, window systems, Mac, MS windows
  • Specialized languages
  • SQL, KQML,

2
History of Computing Hardware and Software
  • http//www.computerhistory.org/exhibits.html
  • http//www.computerhistory.org/timeline/
  • http//www.cbi.umn.edu/resources/vintage.html
  • http//www.computinghistorymuseum.org/museum/index
    2.htm
  • http//www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org/

3
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Hardware Evolution
  • Analog vs. digital
  • Mechanical vs. electronic
  • Switch, vacuum tube, transistor, integrated
    circuit, LSI, VLSI, VVLSI
  • Precursors mechanical devices
  • First generation vacuum tubes
  • Second generation transistors
  • Third generation integrated circuits

5
First Mechanical Analog Devices
  • slide rule an instrument consisting of a ruler
    with a central sliding piece, both being marked
    with logarithmic scales used in making rapid
    mathematical calculations. (Webster's, op. cit.)
  • clock, n., ME clock, an instrument for the
    measurement of time by the motion of its parts,
    indicating hours, minutes, and often seconds, by
    hands which move upon a dial plate. It usually
    consists of a frame containing a train of toothed
    wheels operated by springs and weights and
    regulated by a pendulum or balance wheel. (ibid.)

6
Abacus 7Earliest Forms Circa 3000 BC
7
Slide Rule - Circa 1600
8
Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834)
  • Born in Lyons, France
  • Son of silk weavers
  • Father died and he inherited a small 1772 house
    and a hand loom, which he started improving.
  • Existing technology
  • M. Bouchon (1725) pierced paper
  • M. Falcon (1728) chain of cards
  • Jacques deVancason (1754) automaton

9
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11
Another revolution....
  • Finished his "machine" 1804
  • Invention? First person to obtain a practical
    arrangement which could be generally adapted to a
    wide range of problems
  • Consiel de Prudhomes broke up his machines 1810
  • sabotage 1. malicious injury to work, tools,
    machinery, etc. (sabot, Fr. wooden shoe)
  • died, August 7, 1834 in Quillons at age 82
  • 30,000 machines in use in Lyons alone!

12
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
13
Babbages Analytical EngineA General Purpose
Machine
  • Mechanical device
  • NOT electrical
  • user program control using punched cards
  • operations cards
  • variable cards
  • number cards
  • Separation of storage and calculation
  • (V) store mill
  • (A) are accumulators
  • Control by microprogram
  • (B) control barrels

14
Difference Engine
  • 1822 original design called for 6 decimal places
    with second-order difference
  • 1830 redesigned difference engine with 20 decimal
    places and a sixth-order difference

15
Science Museums Reconstruction
  • Difference Engine Number 2 (1847 to 1849)
  • Science Museum Recreation 1991 (Doron Swade,
    Curator, below)
  • constructed according to Babbages original
    drawings (minor modifications)
  • 1991 Bicentenary Celebration
  • 7 feet high
  • 11 feet long
  • 18 inches deep
  • 4,000 parts
  • 500,000 pounds

16
Its all a matter of perspective....
  • Johann Meuller, Universal Calculator 1784
  • Georg and Edvard Scheutz (after Lardner)
  • Difference Engine 1 a prototype which 1843
    produced the first tables calculated and printed
    by machinery
  • Difference Engine 2 sold to Dudley Observatory,
    Albany, NY (in Smithsonians Info. Age) 1853
  • Difference Engine 3 was a copy of 2,1859
  • sold to General Register Office in London used
    to produce the English Life Table, 1864

17
Scheutz Difference Engine
18
Ada Augusta Byron, 1815-1852
  • Corresponded with Charles Babbage
  • L. F. Menebrea, at (Italian) Office of Military
    Engineers wrote Sketch of the Analytical Engine
    invented by Charles Babbage, Esq.," in Taylors
    Scientific Memoirs, Vol. III"
  • Ada translated paper into English
  • Taylors "The editorial notes are by the
    translator, the Countess of Lovelace." Footnotes
    enhance the text and provide examples of how the
    Analytical Engine could be used, i.e., how it
    would be programmed to solve problems!
  • Worlds first programmer?

19
Importance of the Difference Engine
  • First attempt to devise a computing machine that
    was automatic in action and well adapted, by its
    printing mechanism, to a mathematical task of
    considerable importance.
  • An example of government subsidization of
    innovation and technology development
  • Spin offs to the machine-tool "industry"

20
Babbages Analytical EngineA General Purpose
Machine
  • 1834 basic plans formulated for an improved
    device, capable of calculating any mathematical
    function!
  • Basic problem how to feed the digits of the
    result wheels back into the calculation
  • Portion of mill completed 1847
  • Portion of printing mechanism
  • 1834 to 1848 -- 30 sets of plans seems to have
    given up on construction due to the problems with
    the difference engine
  • Returned to work on design 1858
  • 1871 substantial trial model being developed
  • an anticipating carry mechanism a system of rods
    for transfer of numbers to the printing mechanism
  • Separation of storage and calculation
  • (V) store mill
  • (A) are accumulators
  • Control by microprogram
  • (B) control barrels
  • user program control using punched cards
  • operations cards
  • variable cards
  • number cards

21
Analytical Engine
22
Analytical Engine 1840
23
Vacuum Tubes (Analog)
24
Zuses Plankalkül - 1945
  • Never implemented
  • Advanced data structures
  • floating point, arrays, records
  • Invariants

25
Pseudocode 1949-1953
  • What was wrong with using machine code? 0100 1000
    1100 0101 1001
  • Poor readability
  • Poor modifiability - generality
  • Expression coding was tedious poor writability
  • Machine deficiencies -- no indexing or floating
    point
  • Laning and Zierler System - 1953
  • Implemented on the MIT Whirlwind computer
  • First "algebraic" compiler system
  • Subscripted variables, function calls, expression
    translation
  • Never ported to any other machine

26
1930s-1940s
  • Atanasoff at Iowa State University, Ames
  • J.V. Atanasoff, "Computing Machine for the
    Solution of large Systems of Linear Algebraic
    Equations," (August 1940) in Randell (Ed.), The
    Origins of Digital Computers, Selected Papers,
    Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1973
  • J.V. Atanasoff, "Advent of Electronic Digital
    Computing," Annals, Vol..6, No.3 (July 1984)
  • Eckert Mauchly at University of Pennsylvania
  • http//www.seas.upenn.edu/museum/

27
John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-1995)
  • 1937 -1942, developed and built an automatic
    electronic digital computer for solving large
    systems of simultaneous equations.
  • 1939, completed and reduced to practice his basic
    conceptions in an operating breadboard model of a
    computing machine.
  • (1997-99) Reconstruction of Atanasoff Machine,
    below

28
Electr(ical/onic) Analog Computers
  • Flight Simulators, including Whirlwind at MIT
  • Weapons analysis and operation
  • Electrical engineering problems
  • Telephone engineering problems

29
John Mauchly (1907-1980)J. Presper Eckert
(1919-1995)
  • Mauchley Physics instructor, Ursinus College
  • Attends a wartime course on electronics at Moore
    School
  • December 1940 Attends AAS meeting meets John V.
    Atanasoff
  • Working on problems of weather prediction
  • Visits Atanasoff in Iowa, June 1941
  • Eckert - Met Mauchly while a graduate student
    supervising laboratory work for a war-time
    electronics class 1941
  • Did wartime research on radar and delay line
    memories for radar devices
  • Chief Engineer on ENIAC
  • Contract signed when he was 24 years old
  • First electronic digital engineer

30
Ideas
  • August 1942, John Mauchly writes The Use of
    High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating
    which is ignored!
  • 1943, Mauchly and Eckert prepare a proposal for
    the US Army to build an Electronic Numerical
    Integrator
  • June 26, 1947 Eckert and Mauchly apply for patent
    on the ENIAC which "embodies our invention...."

31
Electronic Numerical Integrator andComputer
(ENIAC)
  • 1st large scale electronic digital computer
  • Designed and constructed by Eckert and Mauchly
  • Since 1920s, faculty had worked with Aberdeen
    Proving Grounds
  • Ballistics Research Laboratory

32
Vacuum Tubes in the ENIAC
33
"Setting up the problem"
  • ENIAC was NOT a "stored program" device
  • For each problem, someone analyzed the arithmetic
    processing needed and prepared wiring diagrams to
    perform the calculations
  • Process was time consuming and error prone
  • Cleaning personnel knocked cables out and put
    them back somewhere else!
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