Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution
Prof.ssa Cynthia Tenaglia
2
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
3
This process had began with

• The exploitation of the New World
• Commerce and Trade
• Availability of Capital

4

• Aristocracy showed a sense of enterprise not
  found in the aristocracy of the other European
  countries
• They invested their money to improve Production

5
The Enclosure Act
Enclosure Acts allowing Landowners to fence off
their holdings, so no more common land for the
landless poor ( before they could collect wood
or graze their animals)
6
Enclosed Lands Today
7
The New inventions
transformed the commercial production changing
the old working techniques and transforming a
whole way of life
8
James Watts Steam Engine
9
An Early Steam Locomotive
Communication was made easier
10
Later Locomotives
11
The Impact of the Railroad
12
Early Canals
Britains Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
13
Steam Ship
14
Steam Tractor

• New scientific techniques applied to farming

15
Jacquards Loom

• These inventions destroyed the old domestic
  weaving and spinning , introducing the method of
  factory production.

16
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
17
The Power Loom
18
Young Bobbin-Doffers
19
Metals, Woolens, Canals
20
Coalfields Industrial Areas
21
Industrial Staffordshire
22
Industrial Staffordshire
23
The Victorian Age

The Great Stink

• Epidemics, like cholera, thyphoid, caused a high
  mortality in towns. They came to a peak in the
  Great Stink of 1858.
• This expression was used to describe the terrible
  smell in London, coming from the Thames.

Caricature appearing on the magazine Punch in
1858
Only Connect ... New Directions
24
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

• slums

25
Worker Housing in Manchester
26
The New Industrial City

• Overcrowding
• Lack of sanitation

27
Factory Workers at Home

• Starvation wages

28
The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 14-16 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Monotony.

29
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
30
What was life like for a poor child in cities and
towns in the 1840s?

• Most children had to work to help their families
  earn enough money to live. Employers used them as
  cheap labour

31
Factories

• The youngest children in the textile factories
  were usually employed as scavengers and piecers.
  Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from
  under the machinery. This was extremely dangerous
  as the children were expected to carry out the
  task while the machine was still working.

32
Factories

• Piecers had to lean over the spinning-machine to
  repair the broken threads.
• Many children suffered serious accidents.

33
Young Coal Miners
34
Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
35
Chimney sweepers

• Chimney sweepers used young boys to climb
  chimneys and clean away the soot. They were
  often burned or hurt.

36
19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
Because of the need of financial support , people
willing to invest their money became really
important in economic life
37
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
38
New Ways of Thinking
39
This new economy was supported by economists such
as Adam Smith ( 1776) with his theory of
Laissez Faire

• Free trade Man is free to pursue his interest,
  government doesnt have to interfere.
• Freedom in the international trade
• No duties and monopolistic privileges.

40

• Adam Smith in his
• Wealth of Nations
• stated the end of all government regulations of
  internal and external trade , in the belief that
  the free play of individualism always worked out
  for the best

41

• Upper and Middle class ,and the Church saw the
  misery of the poor as an inevitable social evil.
• Only towards the end of the century Charity
  schools opened
• Women started to ask for more rights, Mary
  Wollstonecraft demanded better education.