Review for Lecture and Lab

1
Review for Lecture and Lab

• Yes, we have more

2
Which of the following cell types is responsible
for synthesizing the organic component of
cartilage matrix?

1. Chondrocytes
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Chondroclasts
5. 2 of the above

3
Which of the following hormones acts to stimulate
osteoclast activity and thus increase bone
resorption?

• a) Growth Hormone
• b) Parathyroid Hormone
• c) Calcitonin
• d) Insulin
• e) Creatinine

4
Which of the following statements about bone is
TRUE?

• a)Bone is the hardest tissue in the body
• b)Bone is a dynamic tissue which changes in
  response to hormonal demands
• c)Bone has an organic component of hydroxyapatite
  
• d)Bone contains 95 of the body's calcium in the
  form of hydroxyapatite crystals

5
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
bone tissue?

• a)Periosteum
• b)Calcium phosphate crystals
• c)Lacunae that contain 2-4 cells each
• d)None of the above

6
The matrix of hyaline cartilage consists of all
of the following EXCEPT

• a)Collagen fibers
• b)Chondrocytes
• c)Proteoglycans
• d)Lacunae
• e)Perichondrium

7
The organic component of bone matrix is produced
by

• a)Chondrocytes
• b)Chondroblasts
• c)Osteoblasts
• d)Osteocytes
• e)Osteoclasts

8
Which of the following statements about
osteoblasts is TRUE?

• a)Osteoblasts are quiescent, inactive bone cells
• b)Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which contains
  only the inorganic component of bone matrix
• c)Osteoblasts respond to parathyroid hormone
• d)Osteoblasts maintain contact with each other
  via cytoplasmic processes known as canaliculi

9
Which of the following cells is primarily
responsible for bone resorption?

• a) Osteoblast
• b) Osteocyte
• c) Osteoclast
• d) Chondrocyte
• e) Chondroblast

10
Which of the following cell types extend
cytoplasmic processes through canaliculi?

• a)Osteoclasts
• b)Osteocytes
• c)Osteoblasts
• d)Endothelial cells
• e)Fibroblasts

11
Which of the following is absent in
fibrocartilage?

• a)Matrix
• b)Chondrocytes
• c)Collagenous fibers
• d)Lacunae
• e)Perichondrium

12
Which of the following can be found in cartilage
but not bone tissue

• a) Lacunae
• b) Protein fibers
• c) Blood vessels
• d) Chondroitin

13
The dense connective tissue covering the outer
surface of bone diaphyses is known as the

• a)Perichondrium
• b)Periosteum
• c)Endosteum
• d)Epiosteum
• e)Exofibrium

14
Which of the following bones is considered a
sesamoid bone?

• a)Clavicle
• b)Humerus
• c)Patella
• d)Femur
• e)Popliteal

15
These 2 components of bone are responsible for
its hardness and pliability.

• a)Osteoclasts and collagen
• b)Mineralized salts and osteocytes
• c)Mineralized salts and collagen
• d)Collagen and elastin
• e)Collagen and metastatin

16
A fracture in the shaft of a long bone would be a
break in the

• a)Epiphysis
• b)Metaphysis
• c)Diaphysis
• d)Arthrosis
• e)Atalaphysis

17
Yellow marrow consists of ______________ tissue.

18
Chondroblasts produce ____________________.
19
_____________ carry blood vessels along the long
axis of a bone

• a)Volkmann's canals
• b)Canaliculi
• c)Lacunae
• e)Foramina
• f)Haversian canals

20
The cell type that maintains the previously
formed bone matrix is the

• a)Osteoclast
• b)Osteocyte
• c)Osteoblast
• e)Fibrocyte

21
Soft connective tissue membranes between the
cranial bones at birth are

• a)An indication of microcephaly
• b)Frontal sinuses
• c)Epiphyseal plates
• e)Cribifrom plates
• f)Fontanelles

22
Endochondral and intramembranous are 2 mechanisms
of

• a)Bone remodeling
• b)Embryonic skeletal ossification
• c)Negative feedback
• d)Cartilage resorption

23
Which of the folllowing is NOT a cranial suture?

• a)Epiphyseal
• b)Lambdoidal
• c)Coronal
• d)Sagittal
• e)Squamous

24
The 2 pairs of bones that make up the hard palate
are the right and left

• a)Zygomatic and temporal
• b)Palatine and maxillae
• c)Maxillae and zygomatic
• d)Maxillae and mandibular

25
The 2 bones that make up the posterior nasal
septum are the

• a)Nasal and lacrimal
• b)Lacrimal and vomer
• c)Vomer and ethmoid
• d)Ethmoid and sphenoid

26
Which of the following is the most
life-threatening?

• a)Deviated nasal septum
• b)Sinusitis
• c)Damaged cribiform plate
• d)Cleft palate
• e)Ruptured bursae

27
Articulation is another word for
_________________.

28
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the
cranium?

• a)Sphenoid
• b)Palatine
• c)Ethmoid
• d)Occipital

29
Which of the following is NOT part of the axial
skeleton?

• a)Femur
• b)Sternum
• c)Mandible
• d)Sacrum

30
Incomplete closure of the vertebral column
results in _____________.
31
The thickened cartilage cushions of the knee that
absorb compression are known as the

• a)Menisci
• b)Bursae
• c)Hovae
• d)Ligaments
• e)Synovia

32
The Hunchback of Notre Dame probably suffered
from

• a)Scoliosis
• b)Kyphosis
• c)Lordosis

33
Which of the following does NOT describe synovial
joints?

• a)Bones held together by cartilage
• b)Joint surfaces covered with articulating
  cartilage
• c)Presence of a joint cavity
• d)2-layered joint capsule
• e)Most freely moveable of joints

34
A ligament running along the side of the knee
joint is a ____________.

35
Haversian canals contain ___________________.
36
Which of the following is LEAST likely to require
arthroscopic surgery?

• a)Removal of a torn meniscus in the knee
• b)Removal of torn articular cartilage in the knee
  
• c)Repair of a torn lateral collateral ligament in
  the knee
• d)Repair of a torn ACL in the knee

37
This hormone decreases blood calcium levels.

• a)Acetylcholine
• b)Glucagon
• c)Parathormone
• d)Calcitonin

38
Which of the following characteristics of
cartilage distinguishes it from most other
connective tissues?

• a)Its extracellular matrix contains collagen
• b)Its predominant cell type is a mesenchymal
  derivative
• c)Its predominant cell type secretes both fibers
  and ground substance
• d)It lacks blood vessels
• e)It functions in mechanical support

39
Fibrocartilage

• a)Contains large numbers of elastic fibers
• b)Seldom contains isogenous groups of
  chondrocytes
• c)Is the cartilage type found in the epiphyses of
  long bones of children
• d)Is structurally intermediate between dense
  connective tissue and cartilage
• 3)Contains NO collagen

40
All of the following facilitate the distribution
of nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes EXCEPT

• a)Gap junctions
• b)Cytoplasmic extensions
• c)Bone matrix
• d)Haversian canals
• e)Canaliculi

41
Each of the following is TRUE of Volkmann's
canals EXCEPT

• a)They enclose extensions of osteoblasts
• b)They form connections between haversian canals
• c)They carry blood vessels
• d)They are found in compact bone
• e)They may be found in the diaphyses of adult
  long bones

42
Each of the following statements about epiphyseal
plates is correct EXCEPT

• a)They are responsible for lengthening of long
  bones
• b)They appear only after the formation of the
  secondary ossification center
• c)They ossify prematurely in children lacking
  sufficient growth hormone
• d)They are composed mainly of elastic cartilage
• e)They exhibit the various stages of endochondral
  bone formation

43

• a)Hyaline cartilage
• b)Elastic cartilage
• c)Fibrocartilage
• d)All of the above
• e)None of the above

• 1)Primary skeletal tissue in the fetus
• 2)Contains predominantly reticular fibers
• 3)No identifiable perichondrium
• 4)Most widely distributed cartilage type in the
  body

44

• a)Hyaline cartilage
• b)Elastic cartilage
• c)Fibrocartilage
• d)All of the above
• e)None of the above

• 5)Contains abundant collagen
• 6)Is yellowish when fresh
• 7)Articular cartilage
• 8)Predominant cartilage type in the external ear

45

• a)Hyaline cartilage
• b)Elastic cartilage
• c)Fibrocartilage
• d)All of the above
• e)None of the above

• 9)Found in the intervertebral disk
• 10)Chondrocytes differentiate from fibroblasts or
  fibroblast-like cells
• 11)Cartilage of epiphyseal plates
• 12)Derives from mesenchyme

46
The matrix of connective tissue is composed of

• a. cells, fibers and ground substance
• b. cells and fibers    c. fibers and ground
  substance      d. cells and ground substance

    
47
These cells are located in bone tissue

•   a. chondroblasts    b. osteocytes      c.
  fibroblasts      d. chondrocytes

   
48
The small holes in which some connective tissue
cells reside are termed

1. lumen
2. lamellae
3. Lacunae
4. lamaze

    
49
Which of the following suffixes implies "growth"
or "formation"

• a. -blast   b. -lemma      c. -stasis     
  d. -cyte

    
50
A tissue viewed under the microscope displays
cells in little holes, densely packed fibers and
no blood vessels. This describes

•     a. dense regular connective tissue      b.
  hyaline cartilage      c. fibrocartilage     
  d. adipose tissue

51
The dense connective tissue covering outer
surface of bone diaphyses is termed

• a) perichondriumb) periosteumc) endosteumd)
  exofibriume) articular cartilage a

52
The ( axial ltltgtgt appendicular ) skeleton is built
for support
53
Concentric rings of bone in the Haversian system
are called ( lacunae ltltgtgt lamellae )
54
Cancellous bone makes bone ( heavy ltltgtgt light ).
It functions to hold the hematopoietic, or (
blood-forming ltltgtgt bone-forming ) tissue and is
then called red marrow
55
By far, most of the weight of bone is due to the
( bone cells ltltgtgt matrix)
56
Red bone marrow is found in greatest amounts in (
long ltltgtgt short ) bones
57
Most blood enters and exits a bone via (
Volkmanns canals ltltgtgt Nutrient foramina)
58
Most bone formation in the body develops by (
intra membranous ltltgtgt cartilaginous ) formation
59
The primary ossification center of a long bone is
always in the ( epiphysis ltltgtgt diaphysis ) of the
bone
60
A phagocytic cell, which destroys part of the
matrix of cartilage so it can be invaded by blood
vessels and other cells, is called the (
osteoclast ltltgtgt chondroclast)
 
61
Bone cells are typically found in the (
canaliculi ltltgtgt lacunae ) of an Haversian system
62
Appositional bone growth involves growth from the
( perichondrium ltltgtgt periosteum)
63
Since the ( epiosteum ltltgtgt periosteum ) is the
outermost portion of a long bone, the inner most
edge is called the ( endosteum ltltgtgt compact
portion ).
 
64
The ( axial ltltgtgt appendicular ) skeleton protects
the brain, lungs and spinal cord
65
Hemopoiesis occurs mainly in ( medullary ltltgtgt
epiphyseal ) cavities of long bones, and spongy
bone of flat bones
66
Calcitonin ( increases ltltgtgt decreases ) calcium
levels in the blood while parahormone ( increases
ltltgtgt decreases ) calcium levels in the blood.
67
(Trabeculae ltltgtgt Volkmann's canals ) are a
component of spongy bone
68
A freely movable joint is a ( synarthrosis ltltgtgt
diarthrosis)
69
A(n) ( amphiarthrosis ltltgtgt synarthrosis ) is a
immovable joint.
70
The hip and shoulder joints are examples of (
hinge ltltgtgt ball-and-socket ) joints.
71
The joints between the individual bones of the
tarsals are ( gliding ltltgtgt saddle ) joints
72
Forward movement of most of the body parts is
called ( flexion ltltgtgt extension)
73
Synovial fluid is made by the synovial membrane
the latter is continuous with the ( ligaments
ltltgtgt Periosteum ) attached to the bone.
74
(Pivot ltltgtgt Ball-and-socket ) joints exist
between the axis and atlas and between the radial
notch and the head of the radius
75
Gliding ltltgtgt Condyloid ) joints exist between
individual bones of the carpals.
(
76
The joint between the first metacarpal of the
hand and the trapezium of the carpals is a (
hinge ltltgtgt saddle ) joint
77
Holding your pen as your write your notes is an
example of ( abduction ltltgtgt opposition ) of your
finger and thumb
78
Movement in a circular motion that describes the
open part of a cone is called ( rotation ltltgtgt
circumduction)
79
Turning-type motion is called ( abduction ltltgtgt
rotation ).
 
80
Movement in one plane only, i.e., backward and
forward, is allowed at ( hinge ltltgtgt condyloid )
joints
81
Pulling your shoulders back when standing
straight indicates ( adduction ltltgtgt retraction )
of your shoulders
82
Increasing the angle at a joint is ( flexion ltltgtgt
extension)
83

• 1) These very small bones are at the medial
  border of each eye.
• 2) Failure of these anterior bones to fuse causes
  a condition known as cleft palate.
• 3) This bone houses the apparatus of the inner
  and middle ear.
• 4) This bone is wing-shaped and extends behind
  the eyes and forms part of the floor of the
  cranial vault.
• 5) The bones that contain teeth
• 6) This bone has a pasageway into the nasal
  cavity.
• 7) The sella turcica is a portion of this bone.

• A) Temporal Bones
• B) Sphenoid
• C) Lacrimal bones
• D) Maxillae

84

• A) Coccyx
• B) Lumbar vertebrae
• C) Atlas
• D) Thoracic vertebrae

• 1)Thickest centrum with short blunt spinous
  processes
• 2)Fused rudimentary tailbone
• 3)A circle of bone that articulates
• superiorly with the occipital condyles
• 4) These bones have articular facets for the
  ribs.
• 5) Allows the head to nod eyes

85
T or F All of the bones of the skull, except the
mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore
immovable.
86
T or F The foramen magnum goes through the
occipital bone.
87
T or F The vertebral column is held in place
primarily by the anterior and posterior
longitudinal ligaments.
88
T or F Costal cartilages join most ribs to the
sternum.
89
T or F The tubercle of a rib articulates with
the transverse process of a vertebra.
90
T or F The term vertebrochondral ribs refers to
ribs that attach to each other before they attach
to the sternum.
91
T or F In the anatomical position, the lateral
forearm bone is the radius.
92
T or F The vomer forms part of the nasal septum.
93
T or F The lacrimal bones contain openings that
allow the tear ducts to pass.
94
T or F There are seven cervical, twelve
thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
95
T or F All vertebrae possess a body, a spine,
and transverse foramina.
96
T or F The dens articulates with the axis.
97
T or F The master gland of the body (pituitary
gland) is housed in a saddlelike depression in
the temporal bone called the sella turcica.
98
T or F The ischium articulates with both the
ilium and the pubis.
99
1) A structure found on the femur is the
________. A) anterior crest B) malleolus C) linea
aspera D) apex
100
Which forms the major portion of the coxal
bone? A) ischium B) pubis C) ilium D) pelvic
101
The inferiormost part of the sternum is the
________. A) xiphoid process B) body C)
manubrium D) ala
102
The membranous areas between the cranial bones of
the fetal skull are called ________. A)
areolas B) foramina C) sutures D) fontanels
103
The axial skeleton contains ________. A) the
skull, vertebral column, and pelvis B) arms,
legs, hands, and feet C) the skull, vertebral
column, and rib cage D) shoulder and pelvic
girdles
104
The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the
following except the ________. A) superior nasal
concha B) crista galli C) cribriform plate D)
inferior nasal concha
105
Only the ________ vertebra does not have a
body. A) last lumbar B) axis C) atlas D) last
cervical
106
The suture that connects the two parietal bones
together is the ________. A) coronal B)
sagittal C) lambdoid D) squamosal
107
The pituitary gland is housed in the ________. A)
vomer bone B) sinuses of the ethmoid C) sella
turcica of the sphenoid D) foramen lacerum
108
The hyoid bone is unique because ________. A) it
is the only bone of the body that does not
articulate with any other bone B) it is shaped
like a plow C) it is covered with mucosa D) it
has no specific function
109
Along with support, the broad anterior ligament
of the vertebral column also acts to ________. A)
hold the discs in place B) prevent hyperextension
of the spine C) hold the spine erect D) protect
the spinal cord
110
The major function of the intervertebral discs is
to ________. A) absorb shock B) string the
vertebrae together C) prevent injuries D) prevent
hyperextension
111
All of the following facial bones are paired
except one. Which of the following is the
unpaired facial bone? A) palatine B) lacrimal C)
vomer D) maxillae
112
Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these
facial bones? A) zygomatic B) nasal conchae C)
vomer D) maxillae
113
Which of the following is an abnormal lateral
curvature of the vertebral column often seen in
the thoracic region? A) kyphosis B) scoliosis C)
lordosis D) swayback
114
Which part of the vertebral column receives the
most stress by bearing most of the weight of the
body? A) the sacrum B) the cervical region C) the
lumbar region D) the sacral promontory
115
Thoracic vertebrae T2 through T8 differ from the
others in that ________. A) they have no
transverse processes B) they have superior and
inferior demifacets C) they have transverse
foramina D) they have no intervertebral discs
116
The major function of the axial skeleton is to
________. A) give the body resilience B) provide
an attachment point for muscles that allow
movement C) provide central support for the body
and protect internal organs D) provide a space
for the heart and lungs
117
The antebrachium is composed of which of the
following two bones? A) the radius and the
ulna B) the humerus and the clavicle C) the
scapula and the clavicle D) the humerus and the
radius
118
The true wrist or carpus consists of ________. A)
a group of eight short bones united by
ligaments B) the phalanges C) the styloid
processes of the radius and ulna D) the
metacarpals
119
The short bone that attaches to the third
metacarpal is the ________. A) trapezoid B)
hamate C) capitate D) triquetral
120
The bone in direct contact with the first
metatarsal (big toe) is the ________. A) medial
cuneiform B) lateral cuneiform C) cuboid D)
calcaneus
121
The skull bone that the foramen magnum passes
through is the ________. A) atlas B) axis C)
occipital D) parietal
122
The middle nasal concha is part of which bone? A)
maxilla B) zygomatic C) nasal D) ethmoid
123
The superior nasal concha is a part of which
bone? A) vomer B) ethmoid C) sphenoid D) maxilla
124
The following is not a structure found on the
ischium. A) superior ramus B) inferior ramus C)
lesser sciatic notch D) superior body
125
The tibia is in contact with which tarsus? A)
calcaneus B) cuboid C) navicular D) talus
126
The heel bone is called the ________.
127
The medial condyle of the femur articulates with
the medial condyle of the ________.
128
The largest foramen in the body is the ________
foramen.
129
The styloid process of the ________ points to the
thumb.
130
The ________ is the primary bone in the septum of
the nose.
131
Your cheek is composed of the ________ bone.
132
Example Open Questions
133
How are the pectoral and pelvic girdles
structurally different? How is this difference
reflected in their functions? Answer The
pectoral girdle moves freely across the thorax
and allows the upper limb a high degree
of mobility, while the pelvic girdle is secured
to the axial skeleton to provide strength and
support.
134
Which are the four major sutural bones and
between which bones are they found? Answer 1.
Coronal parietal and frontal 2. Sagittal
between the parietal bones 3. Squamous
parietal and temporal 4. Lambdoidal parietal and
occipital
135
If the hyoid bone is not attached to another bone
why is it so important? Answer The hyoid acts as
an attachment point for muscles in the throat
region to connect the muscles in the lower jaw
region. It allows for the muscles to make a right
angle at the junction of the lower jaw
and throat. The hyoid serves as a movable base
for the tongue and its horns are attachment
points for neck muscles that raise and lower the
larynx during speech and swallowing.
136
What is the purpose of the articular processes of
the vertebrae? Answer These processes (superior
and inferior) allow the vertebral column to flex
forward some, but lock the vertebrae if the
column is flexed back. In a fourlegged animal,
such as a horse, these processes allow the back
to remain in place while you ride it.
137

• List four groups of bones based upon their
  shapes, and name an example from each group.
• a. Long bonesfemur and humerus
• b. Short bonestarsals and carpals
• c. Flat bonesribs, scapulae, and bones of the
  skull
• d. Irregular bonesvertebrae and many facial
  bones

138
Sketch a typical long bone, and label its
epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity,
periosteum, and articular cartilages. See figure
7.2, page 183.
139
3. Distinguish between spongy and compact bone.
Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed
tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to
bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous
branching bony plates. Irregular interconnected
spaces occur between these plates, thus reducing
the weight of the bone.
140
Explain how central canals and perforating
canals are related. Central canals (Haversian
canals) contain one or two small blood vessels
and a nerve, surrounded by loose connective
tissue. These vessels provide nourishment for the
bone cells associated with the osteonic canals.
The osteonic canals run longitudinally.
Perforating canals (Volkmanns canals) run
transversely and contain larger blood vessels and
nerves by which the vessels and nerves in
osteonic canals communicate with the surface of
the bone and the medullary cavity.
141
Distinguish between osteoblasts and osteocytes.
Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. Osteocytes
are mature bone cells surrounded by matrix.
142
Explain the function of an epiphyseal plate.
The epiphyseal plate is a band of cartilage that
is left between the primary and secondary
ossification centers. This plate includes rows of
young cells that are undergoing mitosis and
producing new cells. As the epiphyseal plate
thickens due to the new cells, bone length is
increased.
143
Describe the functions of red and yellow bone
marrow. Red marrow functions in the formation of
red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood
platelets. Its red color is derived from the
oxygen-carrying pigment hemoglobin. Yellow marrow
functions in fat storage and is inactive in blood
cell production
144
Distinguish between the axial and appendicular
skeletons. The axial skeleton consists of the
bones that make up the skull, the hyoid bone, the
vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. The
appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral
girdle, the bones that comprise the upper and
lower limbs, and the pelvic girdle.