Lab 2 Fish Evolution and Wisconsin Fish Families

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Lab 2 Fish Evolution and Wisconsin Fish Families

• Lecture
• Major taxonomic groups
• Functional and anatomical evolution
• Nomenclature
• Lab
• Compare traits of families
• Identification of Wisconsin fishes to family
  level
• Start taxonomic key assignment

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Evolution of Major Groups of Vertebrates The
width of the branches indicate the relative
number of recognized genera for a given time
level on the vertical axis. Time in millions of
years.
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Evolution of Major groups of Fishes The width of
the branches indicate the relative number of
recognized genera for a given time level on the
vertical axis. Time in millions of years.
Lungfish
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Taxonomic Nomenclature

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Craniata
• Class several
• Order in fishes, always ends with -iformes
• Family in fishes, always ends with -idae
• Genus complex nomenclatural conventions
• Species complex nomenclatural conventions

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Jawless FishesSuperclass Agnatha500 mybp

• Jawless (agnathous)
• Bony armor
• Muscular feeding pump

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Jawless Fishes Hagfishes (Order Myxiniformes)

• Notochord (no vertebrae)
• Cartilaginous cranium
• 30-35 extant species
• Harvested commercially

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Jawless FishesLampreys (Order
Petromyzontiformes)

• Cartilaginous skeleton
• Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins
• Lateral line system
• Well-developed eyes

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Jawed FishesSuperclass Gnathostomata400 mybp

• Composed of
• Sharks and their kin (Class Chondricthyes)
• Lobe-finned fishes (Class Sarcopterygii)
• Ray-finned Fishes (Class Actinopterygii)

longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)
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Jawed FishesClass Chondrichthyes

• Sharks, rays, chimaeras
• 850 extant species
• Cartilaginous skeleton
• Placoid scales
• Spiral valve intestine

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Bony FishesClass Osteichthyes

• Diverse assemblage
• Lungs or swimbladder
• Bony skeleton

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Lobe-Finned FishesClass Sarcopterygii
Lemur

• Characterized by fins with bony, leg-like
  supports
• Coelacanths (Subclass Coelacanthimorpha)
• Lungfishes (Subclass Dipnoi)
• Tetrapods arose from Sarcopterygians

Latimeria
Neoceratodus
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Ray-finned fishesClass Actinopterygii

• Characterized by improved scales, pelvic and
  pectoral girdles, jaws, swim bladders, and
  branchiostegal rays
• Fins attached by rays
• Contains 96 of all living fish species (gt25,000)
  
• Sturgeons, paddlefishes, bichirs and reedfish
  (Subclass Chondrostei) 390 mybp
• Gars and bowfin (Subclass Neopterygii) 225 mybp
• All true bony fishes (Division Teleostei)

bowfin (Amia calva)
lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)
ornate bichir (Polypterus ornatipinnis)
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True Bony FishesDivision Teleostei130 mybp

• Characterized by cycloid or ctenoid scales, three
  or four lower jaw bones per side, increased
  cranial complexity, swim bladders (usually)
• Compose 95 of all extant species (24,000)
• Four subdivisions
• Osteoglossomorpha (Bony tongues)
• Elopomorpha (Tarpons, eels)
• Clupeomorpha (Herrings)
• Euteleostei (Teleosts)

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Bony tonguesSubdivision Osteoglossimorpha

• Composed of one Order Osteoglossiformes
• Bonytongues (Superfamily Osteoglossidae)
• Mooneyes, featherbacks, and knife fish
  (Superfamily Notopteridae)
• Elephant fish (Superfamily Mormyroidei)

Mooneye (Hiodon tergisus)
Boulengeromyrus knoepffleri
Arapaima Arapaima gigas
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Tarpon, EelsSubdivision Elopomorpha

• Characterized by leptocephalus larvae
• Tarpons, ladyfish (Order Elopoformes)
• Bonefish (Order Albuliformes)
• Eels (Order Anguilliformes)

leptocephalus
bonefish (Albula vulpes)
Two eels
tarpon (Megalops atlanticus)
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HerringsSubdivision Clupeomorpha

• 4 Families (2 are well known)
• Herrings, shads, sardines and menhaden (Family
  Clupeidae)
• Anchovies (Family Engraulidae)
• Characterized by a connection between the swim
  bladder and the ear

bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilii)
alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
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TeleostsSubdivision Euteleostei

• 30 orders, 374 families, gt3,500 genera, gt19,000
  Species
• Poorly characterized
• Well focus on 4 Euteliost superorders
• Ostariophysi
• Protacanthopterygii
• Paracanthopterygii
• Acanthopterygii

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Superorder Ostariophysi

• Dominate continental freshwaters
• Minnows, carps, and suckers (Order
  Cypriniformes)
• Catfishes (Order Siluriformes)

Northern hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans)
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
White sucker (Catostomus commersoni)
Black bullhead (Ictalurus melas)
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Superorder Protacanthopterygii

• Popular commercial and recreational fish
• 320 species worldwide
• Pikes, mudminnow (Order Esociformes)
• Salmon, trout, whitefish (Order Salmoniformes)
• Smelt (Order Osmeriformes)

Cisco (Coregonus artedi)
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Northern pike (Esox lucius)
Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)
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Superorder Paracanthopterygii

• Oddballs in Wisconsin
• Trout-perch, pirate perch (Percopsiformes)
• Burbot (Gadiformes)

Trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus)
Pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus)
Burbot (Lota lota)
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Superorder Acanthopterygii

• Most speciose superorder among vertebrates
• Killifish (Order Cyprinidontiformes)
• Silversides (Order Atheriniformes)
• Sticklebacks (Order Gasterosteiformes)
• Sculpins (Order Scorpaeniformes)
• Bass, sunfish, perch, darters, drum
  (Order Perciformes)

Brook stickleback (Culea inconstans)
Mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi)
Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum)
Blackstripe topminnow (Fundulus notatus)
Brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus)
Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus)
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Major Trends in Fish Evolution

• Increased cranium and jaw sophistication
• Branchiostegal rays
• Maxilla separation
• Increased efficiency of movement
• Loss of external armor
• Fin placement and morphology
• Air bladders
• Simplification of skeletal system

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Branchiostegal Rays

• Maintains a flexible seal between operculum and
  body as oral cavity expands
• Increases efficiency of respiration and allows
  for suction feeding

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Advances in Fish Feeding Mechanisms
Primitive
PM
MX
Derived
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Advances in Fish Feeding Mechanisms
Brook trout primitive, maxilla included in gape
Largemouth bass derived, maxilla excluded from
gape
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Largemouth Bass Jaw ProtrusionDecreases distance
between predator and preyIncreases the amount of
suction force generated
PM
PM
MX
MX
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Extreme Jaw Protrusion!
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Loss of external armor
Shovelnose sturgeon
Channel catfish
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Movement of Pelvic Fins From Abdominal to
Thoracic Position
Primitive
Derived
Abdominal Position
Thoracic Position
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Caudal Fin Evolution
Heterocercal caudal fin
Homocercal caudal fin
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Air Bladders

• Lungs evolved before air bladders
• Two types of air bladders
• Physostomous
• Connected to the foregut by the pneumatic duct
• On many primitive fish
• Physoclistous
• Detached from the gut, inflated through gasses in
  the blood
• On many derived fish

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Vertebrae Simplification
caudal
abdominal
Primitive condition (60-75 vertebrae)
2/3
1/3
Intermediate condition
caudal
abdominal
1/2
1/2
abdominal
caudal
Derived condition (24 vertebrae)
2/3
1/3
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Caudal Complex Simplification
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Bowfin (Amia calva), photo by John Lyons
Giant snakehead
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Compare these fishes
Bowfin (Amia calva)
Giant snakehead (Channa micropeltes)