What is an Ultracapacitor?: Ultracapacitors Are

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What is an Ultracapacitor?Ultracapacitors Are

• A 100-year-old technology enhanced by modern
  materials
• Based on polarization of an electrolyte, high
  surface area electrodes, and extremely small
  charge separation
• Known as Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors
  and Supercapacitors

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What is an Ultracapacitor?Ultracapacitors Are
C er A/d Minimize (d) Maximize (A) E 1/2 CV2
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Basic Model

• Series/Parallel configurations
• Changes capacitor size profiles are the same
• Series configurations
• Capacitance decreases, Series Resistance
  increases
• CsCcell/(of cells in series) RsRcell( of
  cells in series)
• Parallel configurations
• Capacitance increases, Series Resistance
  decreases
• CPCcell( of cells in parallel) RPRcell/(
  cells in parallel)
• Current controlled
• Use output current profile to determine dV/dt
• dV I (dt/C ESR)

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What is an Ultracapacitor?Performance
Characteristics

• Ultracapacitors perform mid-way between
  conventional capacitors and electrochemical cells
  (batteries)
• Fast charge and discharge capability
• Highly reversible process, hundreds of thousands
  of cycles
• Lower energy than a battery
• 10 of battery energy
• Greater energy than electrolytic capacitors
• Excellent low temperature performance

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Application Model
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When Can I Use an Ultracapacitor?

• Applications that require high reliability
  back-up power solutions
• Short term bridge power (1 - 60 seconds) for
  transfer to secondary source or orderly shut down
• Power quality ride-through to compensate for
  momentary severe voltage sags
• Power buffer for large momentary in-rush or power
  surges

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Back-Up Power Support

• Ultracapacitors provide peak power
• ...and back-up power.

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Peak Power Shaving

• Ultracapacitors provide peak power...

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Technology Comparison
Available Performance Lead Acid Battery Ultracapacitor Conventional Capacitor
Charge Time 1 to 5 hours 0.3 to 30 seconds 10-3 to 10-6 seconds
Discharge Time 0.3 to 3 hours 0.3 to 30 seconds 10-3 to 10-6 seconds
Energy (Wh/kg) 10 to 100 1 to 10 lt0.1
Cycle Life 1000 gt500000 gt500000
Specific Power (W/kg) lt1000 lt10000 lt100000
Charge/discharge efficiency 0.7 to 0.85 0.85 to 0.98 gt0.95
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Technology Comparison
Fuel Cells
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Markets and ApplicationsConsumer Electronics

• Market needs include
• Miniaturization
• Burst-mode transmission
• Compatibility with new/divergent designs
• Greater functionality due to merging of protocols

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Markets and ApplicationsMiniaturization

• Requires smaller/more efficient devices
• Burst Mode Transmission
• Requires compatibility with lower voltage power
  supplies
• Uses 1/2 voltage but requires at least 2 times
  current to maintain same power output
• Allows for lower cost primary batteries instead
  of rechargeable batteries

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Markets and ApplicationsUltracapacitor Benefits

• Price/performance/size improvements
• Allows batteries to be sized for energy
  requirements, not power
• Allows use of alternative, less expensive
  chemistries
• Extends device use time by up to 100
• Allows primary (non-rechargeable) batteries to be
  used for lower cost and convenience
• Allows smaller battery size while still meeting
  peak power requirements

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PowerBurst UltracapacitorsCells

• Cylindrical radial leaded devices
• 0.5 Farad to 100 Farad, with other values on
  request
• 2.7 Volts
• Drop-in replacement to Panasonic, Ness, and others

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PowerBurst UltracapacitorsModules

• Maxwell parts inside PC5 and PC10 cells
• Active or Passive balancing
• 5.0 Volts to 25 Volts standard customs
• U.S. design and prototyping, Asian production.
• Custom circuits and packaging available using PC
  or TPL cells.

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Ultracapacitor Cell BalancingWhy Cell Balancing?

• Achieve cell to cell voltage balance
• Accounts for variations in capacitance and
  leakage current, initial charge and voltage
  dependent on capacitance, sustained voltage
  dependent on leakage current.
• Reduces voltage stress on an individual cell
• Increase overall reliability of the individual
  cells

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Ultracapacitor Cell Balancing

• Low cost
• Scalable balance current
• 10mA, 300mA circuits
• Very low quiescent current (lt20µA)
• No on/off required
• Modular installation
• N cells require N-1 circuits
• Voltage independent

300mA balancer for 50 60mm Ø cells
10mA balancer for 5F 10F cells
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Ultracapacitor Aging

• Unlike batteries, ultracapacitors do not have
  hard end-of-life criteria
• Ultracapacitors degradation is apparent through a
  gradual loss of capacitance and a gradual
  increase in resistance
• End of life is when the capacitance and
  resistance are out of the application range, and
  this will differ depending on the application.
• Therefore, life prediction is easily done

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UC Benefits Summary

• Calendar life
• Function of average voltage and temperature
• Cycle life
• Function of average voltage and temperature
• Charge acceptance
• Charge as fast as discharge, limited only by
  heating
• Temperature
• High temp no thermal runaway
• Low temp -40C

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UC Benefits Summary

• No fixed VOC
• Control flexibility context-dependent voltage is
  permitted
• Power source voltage compatibility
• Examples Fuel cells, photovoltaics
• No Vmin
• Cell can be discharged to 0 Volts
• Control safety no over-discharge
• Service safety

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UC Benefits Summary

• Cell voltage management
• Only required to prevent individual cell
  over-voltage
• State of charge and state of health
• State of charge equals VOC
• Dynamic measurements for C and EST equals state
  of health
• No historical data required

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Inventory Management Services

• Warehousing and Material Management
• N. America Asia
• Schedule Share, Demand Pull, Consignment, EDI
• NPI facility in San Diego for quickturn custom
  modules.
• Third Party warehousing
• Customer specific programs tailored to individual
  needs