Growth and Division (1816-1832)

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Chapter 7
Growth and Division (1816-1832) After the War of
1812, a new spirit of nationalism took hold in
American society. A new national bank was
chartered, and Supreme Court decisions
strengthened the federal government. New roads
and canals helped connect the country. Industry
prospered in the North, while an agricultural
economy dependent on slavery grew strong in the
South. Regional differences began to define
political life.
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Supreme Court Decisions

• Marshalls decisions showed judicial nationalism
• Decisions gave the federal government more power
  than the state government

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Steamboat

• Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston
• Made river travel more reliable - could always
  travel upstream
• By 1850 - 700 steamboats
• Spurred canal construction
• Erie Canal

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Hiring practices of Mills

• Thousands of workers
• Mostly women and children who would work for
  lower wages than men

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Industrialization

• Developed more in the North
• Free enterprise encouraged industry
• Competition
• Interchangeable parts
• Unions
• Strikes
• People moved to the cities in hope of better
  wages

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Missouri Compromise/Amendment

• Admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a
  slave state
• States north of the line would enter as free
  states
• States south of the line would enter as slave
  states

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John Quincy Adams/1824

• Won election in the House of Representitives
• Nationalist legislation
• Congress granted the president funds for
  improving rivers and harbors, and extending the
  National Road west

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Erie Canal

• Canal in NY
• Spurred a wave of canal building

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Election of 1824

• Showed how divided the Republican party was
• Henry Clay
• Andrew Jackson
• John Quincy Adams
• William Crawford
• Jackson won the popular vote
• Clay threw his support to Adams - won the House
  of Representatives - Adams gave Clay a cabinet
  post - Corrupt Bargain

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McColloch v. Maryland

• Maryland attempted to tax the bank of the US
• Supreme Court ruled that the right to create a
  bank was Constitutional according to the
  necessary and proper clause
• State government cannot interfere with the
  actions of the federal government - therefore
  Maryland could not tax the bank

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Gibbons v. Ogden

• State-granted monopoly over steamboat traffic in
  NY
• Declared that the monopoly was unconstitutional
• State shouldnt have allowed it to happen

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Martin v. Hunters Lessee

• Court decided that it had the authority to hear
  appeals of all state court decisions involving
  federal statutes and treaties

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Francis C. Lowell

• Opened a series of mills in Northeastern MA

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Robert Fulton

• Created the steamboat with Robert Livingston

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Nat Turner

• Enslaved minister
• Believed that God had chosen him to bring his
  people out of bondage
• Killed more than 50 white men in an armed uprising

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Samuel F.B. Morse

• Developed the Morse code for sending messages
• 1844 the first long distance line connected
  Washington DC and Baltimore

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Eli Whitney

• Created the Cotton gin
• Interchangeable parts

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Chapter 8
The Spirit of Reform (1828-1845) Reform was a key
theme of the 1830s and 1840s. Political reform
came with the growth of popular democracy.
President Jacksons election symbolized the new
power of common citizens. For many Americans,
social or religious reform was a goal. Some
wanted to end slavery. Others wanted to expand
education or womens rights. Throughout this
period, sectional rivalries grew more bitter.
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Whig Party

• A new anti-Jackson party
• Named after the party in England that worked to
  limit the Kings power before the revolution
• Wanted
• A larger federal government
• Industrial and commercial development
• Centralized economy

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Prison Reform

• Jails/prisons were crowded
• Inmates of all kinds were grouped together
• Worked toward rehabilitating criminals instead of
  just incarcerating them

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Gradualism

• The belief that slavery had to be ended gradually
  
• 1st phase - stop new slaves from coming to the
  country

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Abolitionists

• Argued that enslaved African Americans should be
  freed immediately without compensation from their
  slave owners
• Not all people from the north were abolitionists
  

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1700s/Organized Religion

• Traditional Protestantism experienced a revival -
  had lost support due to new findings in science
• New forms of worship became prominent
• New religious groups emerge

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Normal Schools

• Schools for teacher training established by
  Horace Mann

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• With Lucretia Mott - organized the Seneca Falls
  Convention
• Marked the beginning of the womens rights
  movement
• Wanted the right to vote

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Frederick Douglass

• African American abolitionist
• Escaped from slavery in Maryland
• Spoke well
• Wrote an autobiography
• Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
• Said he was a thief - stole his owners property

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Personal Liberty Laws

• Laws that restricted the re-capture of slaves
• Passed by several states

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Nominating Convention

• Replaced the caucus system
• Delegates from the states gathered to decide on
  the partys presidential candidate

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Spoils System

• The practice of appointing people to government
  jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support
• Jackson

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Caucus System

• Members of each political party in congress would
  get together and decide who the presidential
  nominee would be for that party

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Nullification

• John C. Calhoun argued that states had the right
  to declare a federal law invalid

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Secession

• To leave the union

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David Walker

• Published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the
  World
• Advocated violence and rebellion as a way to end
  slavery

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William Lloyd Garrison

• Founded the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator
• Caustic attacks on slavery
• Called for the immediate end to it
• Immediate emancipation
• Founded the American Antislavery Society
• Membership grew quickly
• Many women joined

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Lucretia Mott

• With Elizabeth Cady Stanton - organized the
  Seneca Falls Conventions
• Began the womens rights movement

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Second Great Awakening

• Revival of Americans commitment to religion

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Andrew Jacksons presidency

• Peoples president
• First populist president
• First not to come from the aristocracy
• First to have V.P. resign
• First to marry a divorcee
• First to use the pocket veto