12 Weeks to TAKS- Week Eight:

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12 Weeks to TAKS- Week Eight Objective 2 4b,
10a,b The Cell and Human Systems
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The Cell is the basic unit of structure and
function in living organisms. Cell contain
organelles that perform the functions needed for
life. All cells must maintain homeostasis
(balance). They function in a very narrow range
of temperature, pH, O2, CO2, food and waste.
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Cell processes (PIn plant cells, A in animal
cells, B in both) Organelles involved are
underlined. Permeability- The cell contains a
semi permeable lipid bilayer membrane that lets
only certain substances in and out (B) Diffusion-
movement of particles from high to low
concentration in the cell, helps bring in
nutrients and dispose wastes (B) Osmosis-
movement of water across a cell membrane from
high to low concentration (B)
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Photosynthesis- using radiant energy from the sun
to convert CO2 into glucose in the chloroplast
(P) Respiration- burning glucose in the
mitochondria to produce energy in the form of
ATP Mitosis- cell reproduction used for growth,
repair, and maintenance (Centrioles help in
animal cells) (B) Meiosis- production of gametes
(sex cells) used in reproduction
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Protein synthesis- amino acids are joined
together to make proteins like antibodies,
enzymes and muscle on ribosome (B) Storage-
Vacuoles store water, food and dissolved
minerals,(B) plastids store starch and other
substances (P) Control- The nucleus contains the
DNA blueprint that codes for the proteins of the
cell (B) Transport- the Endoplasmic Reticulum
transports proteins to the golgi, where they are
packaged and processed (B)
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The Human Body must also maintain homeostasis.
The organs of the body work together in organ
systems to perform specific functions. Organ
systems are often connected and work together to
allow the body to function. Review the basic
structures and functions of the organ systems
before your test.
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Circulatory Heart, blood, and vessels provides
oxygen and food to tissues and removes
wastes. Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
SI, LI, liver, pancreas Uses enzymes to break
down food into its building blocks and transport
it to the blood stream, then removes the wastes.
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Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves Control
system of the body. Works with other systems to
maintain homeostasis. Endocrine pituitary,
ovaries, testis, adrenal glands, thyroid
Produces hormones that circulate in the blood
stream and tell other systems what to do.
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Reproductive Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina (females) testis, seminiferous tubules,
vas deferens, penis (males) Meiosis produces
gametes in ovaries and testis. The remainder of
the system either delivers them, or protects a
developing fetus until birth. Integumentary
Skin, hair, nails Protection from infection,
temperature control
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Skeletal Bones, ligaments, cartilage Support
and protection of organs. Provides an attachment
for muscles. Respiratory Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, lungs, alveoli Brings O2 to circulatory
system and removes CO2. Muscular Muscles Uses
bones as simple machines to exert force on the
body to create movement.
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Excretory Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
Takes nitrogenous waste from the blood stream for
removal from the body. Immune White blood
cells (lymphocytes including T-cells and B-cells
which make antibodies), lymph nodes, spleen,
tonsils Fights infection.