Fundo VPB 1

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• Bionergy and biofuels opportunities for
  innovation and development examples from LAC
• Weber Amaral, PhD
• University of Sao Paulo Brazil

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Key messages

• Renewable sources represent 29 of the total
  energy supply in LAC
• There is huge variation among countries related
  to the deployment of bioenergy opportunities
• Argentina/Mexico/Venezuela/Ecuador bionergy is
  almost marginal as a supply option
• Ethanol from sugar cane is the best available
  option for transportation and co-generation the
  learning curve effect and the development of the
  custody chain
• Biodiesel, biogas and forestry biomass are mid to
  long term options although rather dependent on
  feedstock availability the spatial scale effect
• Need to explore the synergies among different
  bionergy chains and conversion technologies
  through innovation
• Strong influence of government policies in the
  sugar market affect the deployment of
  opportunities in Central America
• Roles and functions of S-S cooperation capacity
  building, awareness, lessons learned and for the
  development of strong national programmes
• At regional and local scales need to optimize
  current production systems landscape approaches
• Need to generate new primary data to assess
  sustainability issues of bioenergy and biofuels
  production systems long term monitoring sites
  and based on an interdisciplinary research agenda

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Bioenergy Biofuels frameworks - understanding
key drivers of energy supply and demand
System dynamics and their multiple interactions

Gasoline/Diesel Querosene
Global awareness


Climate change
GHGs
-
Oil reserves
-
Hydro

Environmental taxes policies
Nuclear

-


Energy demand
Energy supply
Wind
Native vegetation and forests
Land use patterns
-


Hydrogen

-
Trends in consumption
-




Ethanol biodiesel
Quality of life and livelihoods
-

Food




Jobs
Economic growth


Food safety
Roles and functions of government, private sector
and NGOs
Quality of jobs

Diversification
Biodiversity
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The role of sugar cane in the energy matrix
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Transportation demand current and 2010 (mtep)
Blending regimes -
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Energy intensity economies developed versus
developing countries Asymmetric impacts of GHGs
in countries the poor will suffer the
most Livelihoods ... trends in consumption
patterns and cultural behavior The role of
renewable energy sources Technologies and
biofuels competitiveness and innovation
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...without having to displace food production, as
seen in recent years.
Brazilian Main Cropped Areas (MM Ha)
CAGR 2001-2006
Cattle (MM)
Cattle
Cattle
3,5
6,7
6,7
6,7
Wheat
-1,5
Rice
1,7
Bean
5,8
Sugarcane
0,0
Corn
Soybean
10,2
Source MAPA CONAB
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Sugar cane value chain
7 million ha 73 thousand growers
390 mills destillaries (Operation projects)
Harvest 410 million tons
SUGAR 28 million tons
ETHANOL 25 billion liters
BAGASSE

Bioplastic
Future markets
Ethanol
Credits of Carbon
Derived
Food
Lysine
Pharmacy
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FLEX
Flex fuel cars account for more than 80 of total
cars produced in Brazil
Evolution of light vehicles production and Total
Brazilian Fleet 000 vehicles
Brazilian Fleet (2007)
Gasoline
80
FFV
Ethanol
CNG
Diesel
Source ANFAVEA VPB estimates
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Ethanol productivity liters/ha growing at
2,8/year in the last 30 years
PRÓ-ALCOOL
Fonte Itaú Corretora
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Brazilian sugar-cane productivity is 11 higher
and has increased more than twice the world
productivity
PRÓ-ALCOOL
Agricultural productivity M tons/ha
Brazilian productivity
World average productivity
Source Petrobrás
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3 m
2 m

• Energy factory
• 1 ton of cane is equivalent of ...
• 1/3 sugar 145 kg
• 1/3 fibre 140 kg
• 1/3 leaves and tops 140kg
• First generation
• 1ha 9.000 l ethanol - 65 b of oil
• 6.5 MM ha of sugar cane
• Uptake/year 25,8 M tons of CO2 equivalent

1 m
Sugar Cane in Brazil
0 m
1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
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Sugar allometric patterns and challenges
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Diverisity of potential crops
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Potential feedstocks for biodiesel - Brazil
soy bean
large
animal fat
cotton seeds Peanuts dairy by-products
medium
Volume
palm oil, sun flower canola castor oil
Jatropha
native palm species
small
Time for deployment
Long
Medium
Short
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There is significant room for new technologies
development 2nd generation of biofuels
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Biofuels initiatives in Brazil cover many 1st and
2nd Gen pathways for gasoline substitutes....
Sugar crops, e.g.- beet- cane
Grain crops,e.g.- wheat- corn
Harvesting starch,separating, cleaning, milling
Separation into cellulose, hemicelullose and
lignin components
Gasification of raw material through heat
Separation into cellulose, hemicelullose and
lignin components
Sugar extraction
Cellulosic and hemicellulosic material(crops,
waste)
Syngas(e.g., CH4, CO, CO2, N, H)
6-carbon sugar
Cellulosic and hemicellulosic material(crops,
waste)
Starchy crop parts(kernels)
Genetically engineered microbes produce fuel
product via metabolic pathways
Fisher-Tropsch Process
Fermentation to ethanol, using yeast other
microbes
Conversion to 6-C-sugar (high-temperat. enzyme)
Cellulose conversion to sugar via saccharfication
(hydrolysis) thermal, chemical and biological
processes applied
Catalysed Synthesis
N/A
Distillation and evtl. removal of water
Fermentation using A.B.E Process
Special fermentation for 5-6 carbon sugars
produced by saccharification
Water Gas Shift Separation
Synthetic Biology Fuel Substitutes
Ethanol
Syn-gasoline
BioButanol
Methanol
CellulosicEthanol
Hydrogen
Key
1st Generation
2nd Generation
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...and diesel substitutes.
Raw Material
Algae
Oil-seed crops, e.g.- rapeseed- sunflower-
soybean
PreparationProcess
Gasification of raw material through heat
Harvesting of oily parts of plant, Oil -pressing
Separation into cellulose, hemicelullose and
lignin components
Feedstock ground to very small particle size lt6mm
Algae cultivation in photo-bioreactor
Feedstock
Wastegrease animal fat
Cellulosic and hemicellulosic material
Ground feedstock
Algal Oils
Syngas(e.g., CH4, CO, CO2, N, H)
Vegetable oils
ConversionProcess I
Fisher-Tropsch Process
Aqueous solution under high pressure, but low
temperature
Rapid heating in absence of air
N/A
Separating, filtering, removal of water
contaminants
ConversionProcess II
N/A
Separation of solid char, gases and pyrolysis oil
Transesterification using ethanol catalyst
Transesterification using methanol catalyst
Catalysed Synthesis
Hydrotreatment of fatty acids
BiofuelProduct
Biodiesel (FAME)
Biomass to Liquid (BTL) SynDiesel
Bio Dimethyl- ether (Bio-DME)
Pyrolysis Oil
Hydro Thermal Upgrading (HTU) Diesel
Super-Cetane
NExBTL
Synthetic Natural Gas
Green Diesel
Key
1st Generation
2nd Generation
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An land use approach
ENERGY
FOOD
INTEGRATION
BIOENERGY
FOOD
FORESTS

• INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DEMANDS food fuel
• SUSTAINABLE USE OF LAND AND LANDSCAPES
• ADDED VALUE OF BIOENERGY MATERIALS
• INTEGRATION OF AGRICULTURE/FORESTS
• DIVERSIFYING THE PORTFOLIO OF FARMERS OPTIONS

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Energy demand in rural areas still a problem to
solve.....
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BIOREFINERY An approach for the forestry, pulp
and paper industry
chips
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E2G
Second generation and feedstocks
Other feedstocks for ethanol second generation
Biomassa (Ano safra)
Área mil ha
Produtividade t/ha.ano
Produção mil t/ano
Propriedades ()
Potencial de uso
lignina
celulose
hemicelulose
Palha Cana Bagaço Cana Resíduo milho Resíduo
de soja Casca de arroz Eucalipto Pinus Pastagem
6,600
72,600
9 a 13
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Alto
6,600 11,549 22,933 3,919 4,000 2,000 115,000
72,600 64,029 80,747 2,937 94,600 38,700 460,000
9 a 13 5 a 8 3 a 4 4 a 6 22 a 24 18 a 20 3 a 5
20 15 15 a 25 23 a 35 20 28 10 a 30
41 30 a 45 30 a 40 36 a 40 45 42 25 a 40
25 50 a 35 25 a 35 - 30 27 35 a 50
Alto Médio Médio Médio Alto Médio Baixo
Fonte McMillan, 1994 Wood for Alcohol Fuels,
2002 Saad, 2005 IBGE CONAB SBS
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From resources to markets opportunities
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Policies and enabling environment

• Sectoral policies affecting bioenergy
• Energy
• Transport
• Agriculture
• Environment
• Conservation of biodiversity
• Economics
• etc

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CERTIFICACAO
Biofuels Certification The Babel of
Certifications
EU Directives European Union
Ethanol Biodiesel
Biofuels Certification Meó Consulting
Team German Government
National Standards
Sustainable Production of Biomass Cramer
Commission Dutch Government
RTFO
Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation UK
Government
Several certification initiatives are under
discussion now
RTSB
Round Table on Sustainable
Biofuels Switzerland
National Certifications SEKAB, GREENERGY Sweden,
United Kingdom
How to attend to all certification discussions?
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Zoning

• Watershed protection

Plantations
Legal reserves

• Biodiversity
• protection

Fauna Flora corridors
Water stream
Permanent protection area
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S T - frameworks for supporting the full
deployment of bioenergy and biofuels
Biomass production
Biomass conversion technologies
Bioenergy Biofuels
Other associated process, i.e. co-products
Environmental technologies
Just the production of biofuels at competitive
costs is not sufficient now beyond yield We need
to understand biofuels externalities and energy
balances
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Brazilian frameworks supporting STI in biofuels

• Good examples from Pro-Alcool - ca. US 2
  billion 30 years
• Federal level -
• Ministry of Science Technology - Agencies
  CNPq and FINEP
• Ministry of Education - CAPES
• State level SP - the case of FAPESP
• Innovation law in BR being implemented
  facilitate interactions between academia and
  private sector

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Players and investments in sugarcane ethanol
RD in Brazil.

• More than 15 universities, 14 research centers
  and 150 researchers focus on biofuels in only one
  initiative (Bioetanol project)
• Only in CTC (sugarcane technology center) more
  than 300 people work in RD activities
• Efforts are made to share knowledge between
  universities and research centers (ex Bioetanol
  project, conferences)
• International participation in RD initiatives
  (Bioethanol Project, Oxiteno, Votorantim)
• Country is a world leader in the production of
  sugarcane plants capital goods (ex Dedini)

Crops and biofuels RD initiatives and experience
Innovation and scientific achievement on biofuels
feedstocks

• Productivity improvements through sugarcane
  genetic modifications, from 55 tons/ha in 1970 to
  75 tons/ha in 2006
• Almost 300 sugarcane varieties developed by CTC

• Almost 80 of investments in biofuels in Brazil
  come from the private sector
• In 2005 MCT (Science and Technology Ministry)
  invested US840 MM in RD, 21 of which went to
  agriculture-related research (US176MM)
• US105 MM to be invested between 2003 and 2008 in
  agroenergy by MCT
• Votorantim invested US 40 MM in biotechnology in
  the last 4 years developing 15 transgenic
  sugarcane varieties

Investments in RD
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Biofuels framework for innovation
Academia
Private
Government
Universities
Innovation centers
Agencies
Foundations
RD
Incubators
Innovation agencies
Tech parks

• Advisors
• Partners networks
• Media
• Business partners
• Seminars

Business pipeline
LAC

• Internationalpartners

International exchange
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Concluding remarks - Four pillars on
competitiveness 1/2

• Need for a global market for biofuels
• Improving the logistics
• Planning the future expansion sustainably
• Innovation

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Deploying the global opportunities cant afford
not to have 2/2

• Concentration and concerted efforts focus and
  scale
• Continuity 30 years of investments worthwhile
  the Brazil case
• Complementarity bioenergy sources and expertise
  need for an interdisciplinary approach
• Commitment to make a change
• Coordination

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• Thanks to
• Organizers of the meeting
• USP
• BCB researchers
• Ministry of Agriculture
• USP
• wamaral_at_esalq.usp.br

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