Vietnam

1
Chapter 22

• Vietnam

2
Chapter 22/Section 1

• Moving Toward Conflict

3
1880s WWII France ruled Indochina
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
During WWII Japanese took control of Vietnam
Indochina
7
Dec. 1945 France Returns!!
September 1945 Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam
independent!!!
8
Vietnam Mappg. 733

• Color in your map labeling the following points
• N. S. Vietnam -- Thailand
• 17th Parallel -- Dien Bien Phu
• Gulf of Tonkin -- Hanoi
• Saigon -- My Lai
• Laos -- Cambodia
• Ho Chi Minh Trail -- China
• South China Sea -- Gulf of Thailand

9
I. Moving Toward Conflict

• 1941 Vietminh is formed to eliminate foreign
  rule in Vietnam
• Led by Ho Chi Minh
• Vietminh assist U.S. against the Japanese during
  WWII
• Aug. 1945 Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnams
  independence
• Jan. 1946 French troops return to southern
  Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh rebels against the French from N.
  Vietnam

10
(No Transcript)
11
II. America Supports France in Vietnam

• U.S. needs France to help oppose communism in
  Europe
• Containment foreign policy applied
• Fear of Domino Theory
• President Truman provides 15 million in military
  financial aid
• By 1954 the U.S. is paying 80 of French war
  costs
• No U.S. combat troops

12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
II. America Supports France in Vietnam

• 1954 French troops defeated at Dien Bien Phu
• Geneva Accords (1954) peace settlement
• Temporary division of Vietnam at the 17th
  parallel
• Ho Chi Minh governs the North from Hanoi
• Anti-communist regime governs the South from
  Saigon
• France must withdraw its troops in S. Vietnam
• 1956 democratic elections to unite country under
  one govt
• -- Pg. 8 --

17
Iraq Elections

• With the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in the Iraq
  war, the Iraqi people are now able to conduct
  free democratic elections. In the upcoming
  elections though, the popular presidential
  candidate is anti-American and is thought to have
  close ties to dangerous terrorist organizations
  around the world.
• Would you want your govt to step in? If so, how?

18
Review

• What prompted the war between the Vietminh the
  French?
• What role did Ho Chi Minh play in Vietnamese
  independence?
• List three reasons why the U.S. did not support
  Vietnamese independence in the 1940s 1950s?
• What were the terms of the Geneva Accords?

19
Steps To U.S. Involvement in Vietnam

• September 1945 After the Japanese leave Vietnam
  after WWII, Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam an
  independent nation.
• Late 1945 French troops move back to Vietnam
  and regain control of the cities and countrys
  southern half
• 1950 President Truman sends nearly 15 million
  in economic aid to France.

20
Steps To U.S. Involvement in Vietnam

• 1953 President Eisenhower continues to supply
  the French. Fearful of the Domino Theory.
• May 1954 Vietminh defeat the French at Dien
  Bien Phu
• July 1954 The Geneva Accords peace agreement
  settles the conflict between France and the
  Vietminh.

21
(No Transcript)
22
III. United States Steps Into Vietnam

• U.S. seeks to prevent a communist regime in
  Vietnam
• Establishes a pro-American govt in S. Vietnam
• Led by Ngo Dinh Diem
• President Eisenhower provides U.S. military aid
  training
• Diem blocks 1956 democratic elections
• -- Pg. 9 --

23
III. United States Steps Into Vietnam

• Diem leads a corrupt oppressive govt
• Institutes harsh policies toward the countrys
  Buddhists (pg. 734)

24
Ngo Dinh Diem (South Vietnam)

• Anti-communist
• Devout catholic, restricted Buddhist practices
• Corrupt suppressed opposition
• Prevented 1956 democratic elections
• Supported by the U.S.

25
HO Chi Minh (North Vietnam)

• Communist
• Redistributed land to the peasants
• Brutal repressive
• Supported by the Soviet Union China
• Popular support in North Vietnam

26
IV. Ngo Dinh Diem Seeks U.S. Aid

• 1958 civil war wages between communists
  non-communists in South Vietnam
• (NLF) National Front for the Liberation of
  Vietnam communist rebel group in S. Vietnam
• akaVietcong
• Oppose Ngo Dinh Diem U.S. support
• Supported by Ho Chi Minh
• Ho Chi Minh Trail

27
IV. Ngo Dinh Diem Seeks U.S. Aid

• President Kennedy sends additional weapons
  military advisers
• 1963 16,000 U.S. troops in S. Vietnam
• By 1963 Ngo Dinh Diems popularity has plummeted
• Corruption religious persecution
• Lack of land reform
• Strategic hamlet program

28
Elimination Plot

• In order to obtain a more popular leader to unite
  the South Vietnamese against communism, President
  Kennedy agreed to allow the CIA to provide a
  group of South Vietnamese generals with 40,000
  to carry out a coup to eliminate Ngo Dinh Diem.
• With the promise that US forces would make no
  attempt to protect Diem, the Vietnamese generals
  assassinated him.

29
IV. Ngo Dinh Diem Seeks U.S. Aid

1. Nov. 1, 1963 U.S. supported military coup topples
   Diems govt

30
Nguyen Van Thieu replaces Ngo Dinh Diem
31
Review

• Why did the United States support Ngo Dinh Diem
  in canceling the 1956 elections?
• How did U.S. involvement support of Ngo Dinh
  Diem increase internal conflict in Vietnam?
• How are the Vietminh the Vietcong the same yet
  different?
• Identify how President Kennedys handling of
  Vietnam compared to previous presidents before
  him.

32
Iraq Policy

• It has now been three years and many Americans
  are starting to question Americas involvement in
  Iraq. Some govt officials cite the Iraq
  situation to now be a civil war and a losing
  cause for America to continue to be involved in.
  Other govt officials warn that pulling American
  troops out would doom Iraq to terrorism and would
  ruin American prestige making us appear weak and
  incapable winning the war on terrorism.
• What do you do? Do you retreat or escalate?

33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
DESOTO patrol boats were specially fitted out to
detect opponent's radio and radar signals -
particularly those signals in response to
provocative or aggressive actions or patrol
routes. They were engaged in intercepting and
recording enemy radio broadcasts for military
intelligence use.
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
V. President Johnson Expands the Conflict (pgs.
735 737)

• Aug. 7 1964
• Feb. 1965
• March 1965
• June 1965
• Dec. 1965
• Dec. 1967

41
V. President Johnson Expands the Conflict

• Aug. 7 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gives
  President Johnson war like powers w/o a
  declaration of war.
• Feb. 1965 The 1st sustained U.S. bombing of
  Vietnam begins w/ Operation Rolling Thunder
• March 1965 1st American combat troops begin
  arriving in S. Vietnam
• June 1965 50,000 U.S. soldiers were battling
  the Vietcong
• Dec. 1965 180,000 American combat troops in
  Vietnam fighting the Vietcong
• 61 of Americans favor U.S./Vietnam policy
• Dec. 1967 U.S. troop levels in Vietnam climb to
  500,000

42
Vietnam

• Chapter 22/Section 2
• Questions
• Q2 Q5

43
Why did U.S. forces have difficulty fighting the
Vietcong?

• Difficult discerning friend from foe b/c the
  enemy lived amidst the population.
• Elaborate tunnels help Vietcong to withstand
  airstrikes launch surprise attacks.
• Terrain was laced w/ booby traps land mines.

44
How did the U.S. view of the fight for Vietnam
differ from the Vietcong?

• The United States viewed the war strictly as a
  military struggle the Vietcong saw it as a
  battle for their very existence.

45
Factors that led to low U.S. troop morale

• Frustrations of Guerrilla warfare, the brutal
  jungle conditions, and the failure to make
  substantial headway against the enemy.
• Soldiers turned to alcohol, marijuana, and other
  drugs.
• A few soldiers murder their own officers.
  (fragging)

46
What led to growing concern in America about the
Vietnam War?

• Large military spending taking away from social
  programs.
• Increased taxes were used to pay for the war.
• Govt issuing false reports about the progress
  being made in Vietnam.
• People begin to question the wisdom morality of
  the war.

47
VI. U.S. FRUSTRATIONS IN VIETNAM

• BOMBING
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• GEOGRAPHY
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• SOLDIERS
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

48
VI. U.S. FRUSTRATIONS IN VIETNAM

• BOMBING
• 1. Bombing campaign strengthened the Vietnamese
  will to resist
• 2. Failed to destroy the nations weapon supplies
  factories
• 3. Failed to destroy the flow of soldiers into S.
  Vietnam
• 4. Unable to destroy the Ho Chi Minh trail

49
VI. U.S. FRUSTRATIONS IN VIETNAM

• GEOGRAPHY
• 1. Covered jungles rice paddies make troop
  mvmt. difficult
• 2. Jungle provides natural cover for sneak
  attacks ambushes
• 3. Thick vegetation hides booby traps mines
• 4. Dense fog hinders bombing troop entry
  extraction

50
VI. U.S. FRUSTRATIONS IN VIETNAM

• SOLDIERS
• 1. Unable to identify the enemy from the civilian
  population
• 2. Uncertain as to the cause they are fighting
  for
• 3. Lack of visible progress hurts troop morale
  (desertion, fragging)
• 4. Draft is unfair to the lower class

51
(No Transcript)
52
Chapter 22/Section 3

• A Nation Divided

53
VII. Working Class Goes To War

• Draft requirements
• All 18 year old males register
• Ages 18-26 called to duty
• Drafted men who refused to serve risk 12 years in
  jail
• Financially well-off found ways to escape the
  draft
• Granted medical exemption (25)
• Receive a college deferment (30)
• Join the National Guard/Coast Guard
• Escape to Canada

54
Draft Resistance 1967 1970

• 200,000 men accused of draft resistance
• 4,000 draft resisters jailed
• 10,000 Americans fled to Canada

55
VII. Working Class Goes To War

• A severe draft imbalance occurs
• 80 soldiers were lower class whites/minorities
• 20 of combat deaths are African-Americans
• A.A. made up only 10 of U.S. population

56
Conscientious Objectors

• People who declined to fight because of their
  religious, moral, or political convictions.
• Young men who could prove that their objection to
  fighting was based on religious belief were
  classified as 1-0.
• Required to perform alternative service, such as
  hospital work in the U.S.
• 1-A-0 drafted for noncombatant military duty Not
  required to carry weapons

57
VIII. Roots of Opposition

• College students create a powerful vocal
  protest mvmt.
• Students for a Democratic Society
• U.S. has no business in Vietnams civil war
• U.S. can not police the entire globe
• S. Vietnam regime is corrupt
• Morally unjust

58
VIII. Roots of Opposition

• War divides the nation in two
• Doves Withdraw from Vietnam (28)
• Hawks Unleash greater military force in Vietnam
  (56)
• 70 of Americans believe war protests were acts
  of disloyalty

59
Chapter 22/4

• 1968 A Tumultuous year

60
IX. Tet Offensive(pgs. 748 750)

1. What was the Tet Offensive?
2. What affect did the Tet Offensive have on the
   American public?
3. What affect did the Tet Offensive have on the
   Johnson administration?
4. How did the Tet Offensive affect the media?
5. How did the Tet Offensive affect Johnsons
   presidency?
6. Who is the next president to deal w/ Vietnam

61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
Five Presidents Vietnam
67
Chapter 22/5

• The End of the War
• And Its Legacy

68
IX. Nixon Vietnam

• Factors causing U.S. dissatisfaction w/ Vietnam
• Military draft at home
• High level of American casualties
• Nixon introduces a new draft lottery system
• Reduces of people threatened by the draft
• Eliminated economic factors
• Nixon adopts Vietnamization policy to address
  American casualties
• Train equip the S. Vietnamese to take more
  responsibility
• Withdraw American troops
• Peace w/ honor

69
Vietnam Lottery System
http//www.sss.gov/lotter1.htm
70
Nixon Vietnam Timeline

• United States Conditions for Vietnam
• 1. North Vietnam to recognize the independent
  govt of South Vietnam
• 2. N. Vietnam to remove its troops from S.
  Vietnam
• Aug. 1969
• Event President Nixon begins withdrawing U.S.
  troops from Vietnam.
• Significance First major troop withdraw from
  Vietnam signaling Nixons desire to de-escalate
  Americas involvement in Vietnam.
• Nov. 1969
• Event New York Times reports on the actions of
  American troops in My Lai.
• Significance Increases the publics opposition
  and weariness to Americas involvement in Vietnam.

71
Nixon Vietnam Timeline

• April 1970
• Event - President Nixon announces that U.S.
  troops had invaded Cambodia.
• Significance College students across the
  country burst out in protest and hold the 1st
  general student strike in history.
• May 1970
• Event Kent State University demonstrators are
  fired upon by the National Guard.
• Significance 9 protesters wounded, 4 killed

72
(No Transcript)
73
(No Transcript)
74
Nixon Vietnam Timeline

• Dec. 1970
• Event -- Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin
  Resolution.
• Significance President no longer has
  independence in conducting policy in Vietnam.
• June 1971
• Event The Pentagon Papers leaked to the press.
• - Significance Revealed to the public the govt
  had lied and never intended to end the war if N.
  Vietnam persisted.

75
Nixon Vietnam Timeline

• March 1972
• Event N. Vietnamese launch their largest attack
  on S. Vietnam since the Tet Offensive
• Significance Nixon responds w/ massive bombing
  of N. Vietnamese cities.
• Dec. 1972
• Event Christmas Bombings drop 100,000 bombs over
  11 days on Hanoi Haiphong in N. Vietnam.
• Significance American Congress as well as
  foreign leaders call for an end to the war.

76
Nixon Vietnam Timeline

• Jan. 1973
• Event An agreement on ending the war
  restoring peace in Vietnam established.
• Significance N. Vietnamese would be allowed to
  remain in S. Vietnam.
• March 1973
• Event Last U.S. combat troops leave Vietnam.
• Significance The war in Vietnam for America had
  ended.

77
Nixon Vietnam Timeline

• March 1975
• Event N. Vietnam launch a full scale invasion of
  S. Vietnam.
• Significance U.S. provided economic aid but
  refused to send troops. (President Ford)
• April 1975
• Event N. Vietnam tanks rolled into Saigon and
  captured the city.
• Significance S. Vietnam surrenders to N. Vietnam.

78
Fall of Saigon
79
Fall of Saigon
80
Fall of Saigon
81
Fall of Saigon
82
Fall of Saigon
83
Fall of Saigon
84
Fall of Saigon
85
Diems Regime Anti-Communistbut not
necessarily democratic

• Made it illegal to be communist
• Closed down all anti-Diem newspapers
• Killed or jailed any who spoke out against his
  govt
• 1958 50,000 jailed.12,500 executed
• Secret police force allowed to search anywhere,
  anytime, and destroy threats to state
• Officers loot and enrich themselves

86
Buddhist Protest In Vietnam
87
Buddhist Protest In Vietnam

• A Vietnamese Buddhist monk burned himself to
  death in an act of protest against the Diem
  government in June 1963. Constituting a majority
  of the countrys population, Buddhists in Vietnam
  accused the Diem government of religious
  discrimination.

88
Vietnam Wars Effect On America

• U.S. realizes its limits
• War costs the U.S. 150 billion
• 58,000 Americans dead, 300,000 more injured
• Damaged the nations prestige
• Eroded Americas self-confidence
• Domino Theory disproved
• War Powers Act
• 26th Amendment

89
(No Transcript)
90
(No Transcript)
91
(No Transcript)
92
(No Transcript)
93
(No Transcript)
94
(No Transcript)
95
(No Transcript)
96
(No Transcript)
97
(No Transcript)
98

• http//www.teachvietnam.org/index.cfm?SectionID56