?????(productivity):??????????(???)??????,???????????:

1
????????
2
????

• ??? ???????
• ??? ????????????
• ???

3
??? ???????

• ?? ???????????????
• ??
• ?? ????????????
• ????????????
• ?? ??????

4
?? ?????????????????

• (?)??????????
• (?)?????????????
• (?)????????????

5
(?)??????????
?????(productivity)??????????(???)??????,??????
????? 1. ?????(primary productivity)???????
????????????????(mgC/m2d)??? (1)
??????(gross primary productivity)??????????????
(2) ??????(net primary productivity)
?????????????????????????(????????????????10??)?

6
2. ?????(secondary productivity)?????????????
???????????????????????????(????????)???,?????????
?????????????????   3. ??????(net
community productivity) ????????????????,????????
???????? ???????????? - ??????
????????????????????????,???????????????????
????,?????????????????? ???(productivity)ltgt
???(rate of production)
7
4. ??????? (1) ???(standing
crop)????????????????????????,???????????????????
????????????????????????????? ????(biomass)???
B2 B1 P E
B1?B ??????(???)????????????????????????????????

8
(2) ???(turnover rate)?????????,?????????
???????????(P/B)? (3) ????(turnover
time)??????,?????????????????????
5. ???????????????????? (1)
?????????????? (2) ???????????????
9
(?)?????????????
????(photosynthesis) 1.???(light reaction)
????????????????????O2,??? ????????(ATP?NADH2)? (1
)????????? H2OH2O
O24H4e- (2)???ATP?NADH2????
4H4E-ADPPi(O2)
?2H2OATP 2H2e-NAD ?NADH2
??
???
10
2. ???(dark reaction) (1) ????????ATP?NADH2?CO2
???????????(CH2O)? nCO22NADH23ATP?(CH2O)nH2O3A
DP3Pi2NAD (2) ???????
??????????????????????????????????????
?????????(accessory pigment) ???????????,???????
?????? (3) ???????????????????????,??????????
?????,??400-700nm?????????????,?????????????,?????
????
11
??????(chemosynthesis) 1.??????(chemoautotroph
) ????????????????????????????
2.??????(chemosynthesis)??????????????????(CH4?H2
S?)??????,??CO2,??????
H2AH2O AO4H4e-
4H4e-ADPPi(O2) ?ATP 2H2O
2H2e-NAD ?NADH2 CO22NADH23ATP?(CH2O)
H2O3ADP3Pi2NAD
???
12
????????????? 1.?? (1)???????????????????????
? ????????????????????,??????????,???????????
,??,????????,?????????,???????
(2)????????????????????????????
(3)????????????????????,??????????????????????,??
?????????
13
2.?????????????????? ????????????????,
????8?????????????????
(1) P B aI,I PBm /a
Blackman(1905)
PBm ,I gtPBm /a (2) P BPBmaI
/(PBmaI)
Baly(1935) (3) P BP BmaI/(P
Bm)2(aI)21/2 Smith(1936)
(4) P BaI exp(-aI/PBme )
Steele(1962) (5) P B
aI exp(-aI/P Bme ), I P Bme /a
Steele(1962) P Bm, I gtP Bme
/a modified
(6) P BP Bm 1-exp(-aI/P Bm)
Webb et a.l.(1974) (7) P
B aI-(aI)2/4PBm, I 2P Bm/a
Platt et al.(1975) P Bm,
I gt2P Bm /a Jassby
Platt(1976) (8) P BP Bm tanh(aI/P Bm)

Jassby?Platt(1976)
14
3.????????????? (1)??????????????????????,?????
???,???????????????????????????????????????????
(2)???????(????,1994a)????????????????,?????????(
C)(??mg/m3h)??????? ???????(Picophytoplankt
on,0.22µm????Pico-)gt??????(Nanophytoplankton,
220µm????Nano-)gt??????(Netphytoplankton,20200µm
????Net-)?
15
4. ??????????????? (1)????
????,????????????????????(PPOC)???,????????????(PD
OC)? (2)?? ????????????????????PPOC?PDOC???
??????????? PPOC?????????????????????(Moloney
et al.,1991) PDOC?????????????????????????(S
ondergaard et al,1985),??,???????????(?PPOC?PDOC??
???)?????????????????????????,
16
(?)????????????
14C??? 1. ???????????????H14CO3-???????????????
??,????????,???????????14C???,?????????????????
2.?????? 3.???? ?? P ?????(mgC/m2h)
Rs?????14C??????Rb???????14C??????? 4.????
???(in situ method) ?????(simulated method)
5.??????
17
???????? 1. ????(assimilation
index)?????(coefficient of assimilation)???Ch.a??
???????????,??mgC/(mg Ch.ah) ??
PCh.a??Q ???????????????14C?,??????
14C??Q?,??????Ch.a??? 2. ??????????
(1) ????????????????????1-5?,?????? (2)
??90?? (3) ??????????????????????

18
(4) ?? ???a??11.85E664-1.54E647-0.08E630
???b??21.03E647-5.43E664-2.66E630
???c??24.52E630-1.67E664-7.60
E647 ?????(mg/m3)CVa/Vw10
??E??750nm?????????
Va ???? Vw??????
C???????? 3. ????????????????????a??????????
????,?????????(?????????)???????????????????
4. ????????????????????????????????
5.?????????7.1
19
??????????????
? (?) ??????????????????? 1. ????????
2. ?????????? ??P???????????R?????
k??????????????? C???????(g/m3??)
20
(?). ???????? 1. ??????? 2. ???????
3.???? (1) ????(compensation depth)
??24hr???????????????????????,?????(PR),????????
??? (2)????(compensation light
inensity)????????? (3)??????????????????
,????????? ???????????????????????
21
(4) ???????IDI0e-KD
ln IDlnI0-KD
D(lnI0 - ln
ID)/K
Dc(lnI0 - ln Ic)/K
?? ID????????
I0 ?????
K??????????
D ??
Ic????????
Dc ?????
22
??? (?) ??????? 1.????????NO3-?PO43-?SiO3-?
2.????Fe?Mn?Co?Cu?Zn????????????? (?)
???????????(permease)????????????????????,???????
???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
??,????????,????????????????????????? (?)
???????? ???? ??????????
??????????Vm??????

Ks???????S?????????.
23
?? (?) ???????? ????????????????????
????????????????????,??????????????????,????????
??,?????????,??????????? 1.
????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????
?????????? 2. ??????????????????????
24
????????? (?) ???? 1. ??????(??convection)???
??????????? 2. ?????????????????????,????? ?
????? (?) ????(critical depth)
????????????????????????????????,??????????,??????
????? (?) ????????????? ??????????????
25
???????
?KDcrgtgt0, ?
26
???? ???????????????? ??????????,????????
?????,??,??????????????????????????
27
????????????
???????????????? (?) ???????????????
(?) ????????? (?) ????????????? ???????????
??? ?????????? (?) ????????? (?)
???????? (?) ?????????? (?) ?????????
28
????????????? (?)??????????????????
(?)??????????????????? 1?PDOC???
2??????????????????? (?)????????????
29
??????????? (?)????? ??14C?????a???????
(?)?????? ??????????? (?)??????
(?)?????
30
????????
???????????? (?)?????????????????N???????
Dugdale ?Goering1967??? ?????????????
??????????????
????N????????????? ?????????????????????,?N??
???????????????? N??????????,???N?C??????N?P??????
????,???N???????????????????????,N???????????,????
N?????????????????
31
(?)?????? 1.??N(regeneration
nitrogen)????N(recycled nitrogen)?????????N,???NH
4-N 2 .?N(new nitrogen)??????????N,???NO3--
N 3. ?????(regenerated production)???N??????
?????? 4. ??????(new production)??N?????????
??? 5. ?????????? ?????
32
?N?? 1????????? 2????? 3???????? 4???????N???
??N?? ???????????
33
f-?????????????,?????????? ???????
fPn/PG ?????(export production)??????????????,??
?????????? ?????????????????????????
r(1-f)/f ?????(photosynthetic
quotient)???????????O2?????CO2????

34
(?)????????? 1. 15N? 2. ??????? 3.
234Th?238U???? 4. ??????? 5. f???? 6.
??? 7. ???????? 8. ???????
35
????????? ??????????????? (?).
?????????(Dugdale Wilkerson,1992) 1.
????????????????????? (1) ????NO3-??
??????(PON)?????????
??PON?NO3-??????( V NO3-
)?? NO3-??????????( PNO3- )???
f????.
36
2. ??????????????????? (1) ??
??NO3-???? ???(PON)?
???VNO3-?PNO3- ??? f???? 3.
?????????????(HNLC)?????? ???????????????
(1) ?? ??NO3-???????????????
???????f?????????????,??? ????? ???
37
?????????????????????? ????
38
????????? 1.????????????????????????? ???
2.????????????????????? 3.?????????????????
4.????????????????????????? ??,??????????(pel
agic ecosystem)???? ?????????????????????????? ?,?
???????????????????????? ????????????,????????????
,? ??????? 5.???????????????????CO2???? ???
39
?????????? (?) ????????????????
??????????????????????1952?Steemann Nielsen
??14C?????,??????????????????,????????,???????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????,???????????????????????,???????????????
??????????????????,?????????????????,????????????,
???????????????????????(1993)?????????????,???????
??????????????????????
40
1.????????????????? ????(new
production)?????,???????????????(regenerated)???,?
??????????????????? ? 2.????????????????????,?????
???? ??,??????(???????)?????(??????)???,??
?????????????????????????????????????,????????????
????????????(nano phytoplankton,lt 20µm
picophytoplankton,lt 2µm)
41
3.???????????????? ???????????????(POC)???
?,??????(546)(Sondergaard et al.,1985Zlotnik
et al.,1989????,1992)????????(DOC)?????????
4.???????? ???????,??????????????,????????
?????? ??,??????????????,picoplankton?????????
??????(Cyanobacteria)??????(Stockner et
al.,1986)? ??,????????????PDOC?????POC,???
?????(secondary producer)(Scaria,1988)?
42
(?) ??????????????? 1.??????????
???????????,????????(???????????????)????????????
??????????,?????????(0.22,220,gt20µm)???????????
???????????,????????POC,DOC????????????????,?????
????????????(?f?)? ???,???????????????????????
???????? 2.?? ?????????(????????)???
????,?????????,??????????????????
43
??? ???????????????

• ?? ??????????????
• ????????????
• ??????????????
• ??????????????????
• ????????????
• ?? ?????????

44
????????????????
????????????? ???????????????????????????
????????????,?????????????????????????????? (?)
????? 1.????????????????
45
2.?? (1) ?????6???? (2) ????????4????
(3) ??????3???? ????????????????????????
??????????????????????????,?????????,????????????
???,????????3?????
46
(?)????? 1.????????????? (1)
????????????,????? (2) ?????????????,?????????
?????????? (3) ??????????????????????????????,?
???????????????? (4) ??(black
box)??????????????,??????????????????????,???????
??????,?????????????????
47
2.?????????????????????? (1)
?????????????????????????????????????,????????????
??????????? (2) ??????????????????????(????)???
??? (3) ??????????????,????????????????????????
?? (4) ???????????????????????????,???????????
48
???????? (?)??? 1.????????????????????
??????????(trophic level)?????????????????
????????? ??????????
????????????? ?????????????
49
2. ???????????? ??????????,??????????????
?????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????
????????????????????????4-5?? 3.
???????????????????? ????????????????????
,?????????????,??????????????????
50
(?)???? 1. ????(ecological efficiency)
?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
?(???)??,???n????????(n-1)?? ?????????? 2.
?????????(exploitation efficiency)
(?????? ecotrophic efficiency)?????? ???????????
????
51
3. ?????(gross growth efficiency)?????????(P)????
????(C)???? K1P/C 4. ?????(net growth
efficiency) ?????????(P)???????(A)????
K2P/A ?? ????
EEc.K1 5. ??????(tissue growth
efficiency)????????????????(P/A)
52
6.????????(assimilation efficiency)???????????(An
-1/An) 7.????????(trophic level production
efficiency)???????????(P n-1 /Pn) 8.
?????????? ??????????????
??????????20,????????,????1510?
53
(?)???????????????? 1.??????
Pn1P1En
2.??????????? (1) ???????????
(2) ????
54
????????????
????????????? ????????????????????,???????????,??
???????????,????????????????,????,???????????
55

• (?)?????????
• ???????????????8.5
• 1. ??????(???)??????,??????????????????????????
  ?????
• 2. ?????????????????????????(?????),???????????
  ??????
• 3. ?????????????????????????????,????????????,
  ????????????????,??????????????

56
(?)????? 1.????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????? 2.
????(trophic species)???????????,????????,???????
???????(????????????)??????????????
57

• 3.???????
• (1) ????(top species) ???????????,????????
• (2) ????(intermediate species)????????,?????????
  ?????
• (3) ????(basal species)?????????,????????
• (4) ????(isolated species)????????,??????????

58
4.?????(guild) ?????????????????????????
????????(???)????(equivalent species)????,????(fun
ctional group),?????????????????????????????,?????
??????? 5.???(equivalent species)
???????????????????????????????,??????????
59

• (?)???????
• ?????????????????????????????????????,???????
  ??????,??????????????,??????????????,?????????????
  ??

60

• (?)???????????????????????
• 1.????(???)?????
• (1) ???????????????????,?????????????,????????
  ????????,??????????????????,?????????
• (2) ??????????????????????(???),??????????????
  ,???????????????????????

61
2.?????????????? ??????,?????????????
?????,?????????,??????????????? ??????????????

62
??????????????
???????????? 1.???? 2.????
3.?? ??????????? (?) ????
???????????????????????????
63
1.?????????????? ???? ????
?????? ?? 2.??
????????????????? 3.????
??????????????,?????????????????????
64
??????????? (?)???(cohort method) 1.
???(????)?????????????????,??????????????????????
???????????????? 2.????
???????? Pn2(w2-w1)(n1-n2)
(w2-w1)/2 P(n1n2)(w2-w1)/2
??????????????
P(n1-n2)(w1w2)/2(n2w2-n1w1)
65
(?)?????(cumulative grow method) 1.
???????????Wf(t),???????????????????????Pn?W/t
,?????????????????? 2.
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????,???????? ????????(???)(????????)???
??????,?????????
66
(?)?????(turnover time method) 1.
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?
PB/TB ??P????????B?????????? TB???????
67
2.???? (1) ??????????????? (2)
?????? A. ????????????????????
B. ???????(????)???????
????????(instaneous death rate)
m (lnNi-lnNi1)/t
????????(finite death rate)
M1-e-m ???????
T1/M
68
(?)????(carbon-budget method) ????????????????????
?????? ??1 P C - (F U R)
AC F U
P A - R ?? P??
F?????
C?????? R??????
U??????
69
??2????,?McNeilLawton???
lgP 0.826lg R 0.0948
?? P???? R????
70
??3??????? 1. ???(B)????????????C?????
C?????????204067 2. ?????Ikeda-Motoda
1978??????? A. ??????(mg/?)????????(mg/m3)??(?/m
3) B. ?????Ikeda(1985)?????
ln Ro2 0.7886 ln DW 0.0490 T 0.2512 C.
?C??????? Rc
0.81222.424Ro2 D.???????
P 30Rc/(70-30) 0.75Rc
71
??????????????????????????????
???????? (?) ??? 1. ????????????????????
?,???????????????????????,?????????,???????,??????
???,????????????,??????,??????????????????????????
?
72
2. ??????????,??????????????????????????,???
??,????????????(equivalent spherical diameter,
ESD)?????,???????????,???????????,??????????????
????????????,?????????????????? 3.
???(particle-size spectra)??????????????,????????
?????????????????????????????????
73
(?) ???? 1. ????????????????????????,???ESD??
?(??)????????????????????(??)?????????????,???????
??????? 2.????(biomass size spectra)
(1) ??????????????????
?????????,???????????(lg kcal)
?????????,?????????????????(lg kcal/m2)?
??,?????????????,??????????????????
(2)????????????
74
????????????????????? (?) ????????????????
??????????????????????,??? ?????????????????
?????????? ?(status)???(dynamics)?????????,??? ???
????????????,???????????? ??? (?) ??
1.????????????????????,?? ??????????,?????????
???????? ?????,?????????????????????? ???????
75
2.??????????????? (1) ???????????(?????????)
??? ????????????????,??????????? ?????,???????????
,????????, ???????????? (2)
????????????????????????? ???? (3)
??????????????????????,?? ????????????????,???????
???? ??????????????? ??,?????????????????????
?? ??????????????????,????????? ??????????,???????
?????????? ????,???????????????(GLOBEC)? ???????
?????????
76
?? ?????????
????????????????? (?)????????? 1.
???????(bacterial secondary production)??????????
????????????,?????????????,????????????????(DOM),?
????????????,??????????? 2. ???????????????
?????????????(???)??????????(???)???????(???)
????????
77
3. ???????(?????????)(microbial loop)
DOM ????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? 4.????? (1) DOM ?
(????)????????? ????????????,????????????
???? (2) ?????????(lt2um)????????? 5.
???????(microbial food web)?????
???????????????????????????????
78
5. ??????????????????????? (1)
????????????????????????,?????????????????,??????
???? (2) ?????????????????????????????????,??
?????? 6. ???????????????????????????????????
(1) ??????????????,??????????????????
(2) ????????????????????
79
(?)???????????? 1. ????????????????????,???
????????????????,????????????????????????????
2. ??????????????????????,???????????,?????????
????????? 3. ?????????,??????????????????,?
??????????????(????)??101?
80
???????????????????? (?)???? 1.
?????????(DOM)????????(???????)(DOMPOM)?90??,??
??????????? 2. ????????
(1)?????????????6.3106cell/ml?
(2)???????????3.4104cell/ml?
?????????????a??????? 3. ??????????????????
???,?????????????20-30,????????????????????
81
(?) ???(????)?????? ??????????????,??????
1.??????????,???????(synechococcus)
(1)????????????? (2)??0.5-1.5um? (3
)??????103-105?/ml? (4 )??????????????????
??????,?????????????????
82
(5 ) ??????????????? ?????25-90
???????20 (6) ??????????
?????20-80 ???????60
83
2.????(Prochlorococcus)?????? (1)
?????? (2) ??0.4-0.8um (3)
?????????, 3.?????????????????????????????????
(1)?????(chlorophyceae)?
????(Prasinophyceae)
???(Chrysophyceae)? ???(Cryptophyceae)
(2)???????????????? (3)???????????,??????
??61,?????87,??????68?
84
(?) ????????? 1.???????lt2um,???????????
2.??????2-20um,????????????
3.??????20-200um,??????????????,?????????????????
?
85
????????????????????????? (?) ?????????
1.????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? 2.?????????????????????????????
?? 3.??????????????????????????
86
(?)????????? ?????????????????????????????
????? 1.???????????????????
2.??????????????????????????????????,?????????????
????????? 3.???????????????????????,???????,??
???????????????????,???????????????
87
? (?) ???????????????(?????????????????)????????,
????????????????? (?) ????????,????(?????????????
??????????????)? (?) ??????????????????????????
(?) ????????????CFe1000001,CN6.61