History of the Periodic Table of the Elements

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History of the Periodic Table of the
Elements (CHEM 1360) Part 2
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REDISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENTS following ancient
footsteps
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European element discovery sites
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The Highlands in Scotland
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The Road to Strontian
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Up from Strontian to the Mine
Entrance to the Mine
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Searching for a vein
Climbing down into the Mine
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Discovery! Alkaline earth carbonates and silicates
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Mediterranean element discovery sites
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Monte Palermo, three French leagues from Bologna
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Discovery! Nuggets of fosforo di Bologna!
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Fosforo di Bologna Barite, BaSO4
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Argillaceous matrix i.e., clay and mud
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Early Mankind discovers a new substance with
ductile, rather than brittle, failure
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? ? ?????
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Gold, most highly desired of the metals because
of its eternal nature
Nubians deliver gold to their King (Temple in
Thebes)
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Ro?a Montan?, Romania ancient Roman gold mine
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Rosa Montana wax tablet to entrance
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Rosa Montana enough room for one slave laborer
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Silver Joachimthalers etymological source of
dollar
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Thaler, 1561, minted in Sankt Joachim, Bohemia
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Sankt Joachim, Bohemia now Jáchymov, Czech
Republic
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The Canaanites (Hittites) with iron chariots in
the Book of Judges
Copper vase from Cyprus (Cyprus cuprum)
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The origin of the concept of element or
principle
Plato and Aristotle espouse a logical universe
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Macquers Dictionnaire de Chymie, 1777
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The current concept of Chemical Element, as of
1777
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The Discovery of Phosphorus
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The Birth of Science
There was a Beginning. . . . There are Natural
Causes. . . . God works through Natural Law
Aqua fortis Spiritus salus Blue vitrol Liver of
sulphur Manna mercuri Flowers of zinc etc., etc.
. . .
Alchemical discoveries
Religious philosophy
By reason you can arrive at the truth, even when
it is not intuitively obvious. . . .
Greek logic
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The Birth of Science
By experimentation and careful reasoning we
can arrive at these laws and ultimate
understanding. . . .
Alchemical discoveries
Religious philosophy
Greek logic
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Falun Mine, Sweden major copper mine that
served the early miners
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German element discovery sites
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Klatschmondblumen, Harz Mountains, Germany
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Tilkerode, East Harz Mountains
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Tilkerode, East Harz Mountains selenium-rich
ore, source of thallium
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Minimum, Pb3O4
Cerrusite, PbCO3, white wax
Lead ores
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Mercury ore sweating quicksilver
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East European element discovery sites
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Touring across Romania. . . .
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Gypsies panning and collecting gold in
fleece (Daniel Edward Clarke, Nagyag, Romania,
1802)
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Gypsies today. . . .
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Hiking up the Transylvanians. . . .
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Fa?a B?ii, Romania forgotten gold mine in
the Transylvania Mountains
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The mines have huge talus banks, rich in pyrites.
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Fata Baii Mine, where tellurium was discovered
known originally by Hungarian name, Fascebanya
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Romanian miners (and one Australian) at Fa?a B?ii
Mine
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Britain element discovery sites
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Hidden by a stream in Menaccan, Cornwall. . . .
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Manaccan church, Cornwall, where Gregor preached
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The Lords Prayer, in Cornish
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Plaque in Manaccan Church
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Panning for ilmenite, FeTiO3, the black sand
that follows the compass
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Scandinavian element discovery sites
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Hisingers house, owner of Bastnäs Mine and
mentor of Jöns Jacob Berzelius
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Bengt Hogrelius with old Swedish chemistry text
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The modest author does not include his name on
the title page (Cronstedt, who discovered nickel)
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It is clear that a substance is being given off.
. . . I call it phlogiston
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
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Phlogiston is a universal principle given off by
calxing
combustion
respiration
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The atmosphere doesnt become saturated with
phlogiston because plants remove it
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The world is thus a beautiful balance incorporatin
g the recycling of phlogiston
Plants remove phlogiston
Calxing
Combustion
Respiration
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Prediction Since a metal becomes heavier when it
loses phlogiston to become a calx. . . .
Phlogiston must have anti-gravity!
Phlogiston
Iron
Iron calx (rust)
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Clapham mansion, where Cavendish performed his
classic experiments
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Lavoisiers Elements, 1789
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Lavoisiers Elements
Elements in the body
Nonmetallic elements
Metallic elements
Earths
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