Vertebrates

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Vertebrates
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Different classes of vertebrates, which
include jawless fishes (e.g., lampreys),
cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks), bony
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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• A vertebrate is an animal with a strong, flexible
  backbone.
• You are an example of a vertebrate.
• All vertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry and a
  true body cavity with an endoskeleton.
• Found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.

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Endothermy
Lungs
Strong Limbs
adaptations in Vertebrates for life on land
Skin
Muscles
Eggs
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Phylum Chordata
8 Classes
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Major Characteristics Dorsal, hollow nerve
cord -Spinal cord -Nerves branch off and connect
to organs muscles Notochord -Supporting rod
that lies just below the nerve cord Pharyngeal
pouches - Tail that extends beyond the anus - at
some point in their lives
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• Endoskeleton
• Support
• Attachment for muscles
• Grows with the animal

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Fish

• Major Characteristics
• Lateral Line System
• Row of sensitive cells that can detect very small
  amounts of motion in the water.
• Closed circulatory system with a heart
• Well developed nervous system and brain
• Exchange gases using gills- diffusion
• Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter
  feeders, and Detritivores.
• Movement- contracting muscles on either side of
  the backbone

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Class Agnatha
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Skeleton made of fibers and cartilage
Jawless Fish
Class Myxini Hagfish Lack eyes- detect light
through sensors on their body Feed on dead and
dying fish
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• Class Cephalaspidomorphi(Agnatha)
• Lampreys
• Usually parasites
• Have funnel-like mouths lined with sharp teeth.
• In center of mouth is tongue with a tooth like
  projection.
• Attaches to other fish by suction. It tears a
  hole in the fish and injects a chemical that
  keeps the blood from clotting. Sucks blood and
  fluids from its host.

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Class Chondrichthyes
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Cartilage fish

• Sharks and Rays
• Complete vertebral column, movable jaws, and
  skeleton with paired fins.
• All of these structures are made up of cartilage
• Whale shark can grow up to 49.5 ft weighing
  39,600 pounds.

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Water enters the mouth and water passes over the
gills where the gases are exchanged. Sharp sense
of smell.
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Also have lateral line system. Internal
fertilization
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Class Osteichthyes
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Bony fish

• Skeleton made of bone
• Marine and freshwater
• Swim Bladder thin sac that acts as a float.
  (Filled with oxygen and other gasses) Can be
  adjusted so that the fish can move to different
  levels.
• Gills for gas exchange
• Two chambered heart

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Lateral line system and a keen sense of smell.
External fertilization
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mudskippers
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Class Amphibia
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Double Life

• Major Characteristics
• Lives in water as a larvae and on land as an
  adult
• Moist skin
• Breathes with lungs as an adult
• Lacks scales and claws
• Must return to water to reproduce.
• Age of amphibians 360-286 mya

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Success on Land Lungs, stronger bones in limbs
to help support weight out of water, breastbone
to protect internal organs.
Frog Toads
Salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads First
vertebrates to adapt to life on land Young can
only live in water Undergo metamorphosis and can
live on land tadpole stage can regenerate lost
parts
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• Smooth skin, no scales, feet are webbed, toes are
  soft and lack claws
• Respiration through gills, lungs and/or skin
• no external ears have eardrums or tympanic
  membranes

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Eggs usually laid in water and fertilized
externally
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• Ecology
• Food for other animals
• Some can produce poison - defense

Blue Poison Frog
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Turtles, crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes
Class Reptilia
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• Major Characteristics
• Dry, scaly skin
• Helps prevent water loss
• With scales or plates
• Lungs
• Able to breath air

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• Lay eggs with several membranes
• Oviparous animals that lay eggs
• One of the most important
• adaptations for life on land.
• Does not need water for
• reproduction

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Development of amniotic egg egg covered w/a
shell that protects the developing embryo from
drying out
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Limbs, if present, having toes with claws used
for climbing, digging, and moving around on land.

• Strong limbs
• Internal fertilization

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• Body temperature that varies with that of the
  surroundings.
• Cannot generate their own body heat

Ectotherm animals with a body temperature that
is influenced by the environment
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Class Aves
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• Strong Chests muscles

• Only group adapted to life in the air.
• Body covered with feathers
• Modified scales
• Made of protein and develop in pit in the birds
  skin.
• Two types Contour (Lift) Down (Warmth)
• Help birds fly and keep warm
• Attract mate
• In some species-waterproof

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Endotherms A constant warm temp. generated
internally by a high metabolic rate.
 
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Two legs covered with scales Modified for
specific use- perching, walking, etc. Front limbs
modified into wings.
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Molting birds sheds their feathers at least once
a year (gradual)

• Thin hollow bones

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• -Toothless beak
• Birds have many different types of feet and
  beaks. Modified for the life style of the bird.

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Reproduction Internal fertilization Amniotic
egg- harder shells than reptiles
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Digestion Crop Storage Gizzard Can contain
small stones, help with the mechanical breakdown
of food
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Cassowary
Rheas
Emus
There are many species of flightless birds
ostrich, penguins
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• Ecology
• Pollination
• Seed dispersal
• Control insect populations
• Indicator of environmental health
• Rachel Carsons book Silent Spring - pesticides
  in the food chain

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Humans, Manatees, Elephants, Kangaroos, Apes,
Tigers, Dogs
Class Mammalia
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• Major Characteristics
• Body covered with hair
• Young nourished in the uterus
• Young nourished w/milk from mammary glands
• lung-breathing throughout lifetime
• diaphram
• Have four chambered heart
• endothermic maintain constant body temperature
• Subcutaneous Fat under skin to conserve heat
• Sweat glands to cool body

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Feeding Carnivores, herbivores, and
omnivores. Evolution of a strong more powerful
jaw enabled mammals to eat food other than
insects.
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• Reproduction
• Internal fertilization
• Placental mammals Live birth
• MonotremesEgg-laying mammals platypus
• MarsupialsPouched mammals Kangaroo,
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  opossum
• Young depends on mother after birth

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• Behavior
• An animals response to a stimulus.
• Innate behaviors are instinctive, like birds
  defending their nesting place, and are influenced
  by genes.
• Learned behaviors are changed by various
  experiences, such as training a family pet to
  come when its name is called.
• Social behaviors are interactions between members
  of the same species and include mating and caring
  for offspring.
• In territorial behaviors, organisms defend an
  area and keep out other organisms.

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Which is NOT an adaptation of both reptiles and
birds? A terrestrial eggs B strong muscles C
efficient lungs D moist skin
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Which of these organisms exhibit
bilateral symmetry? A a lobster B a sponge C a
starfish D a sand dollar
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Which phrase BEST describes the bones found in
birds? A composed of keratin B thick and solid C
composed of cellulose D thin and hollow