Physical Science EOCT Review Domain I

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Physical Science EOCT ReviewDomain I
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Investigating Atoms

• Atoms have 3 parts
• protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Which 2 particles have opposite charges?
• protons() and electrons (-)

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Atomic Structure

• atomic number number of protons
• Silver has 47 protons
• atomic mass number of protons neutrons
• Silver has 61 neutrons
• valence electrons electrons in the outermost
  energy level

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Atomic Structure

• Looking at the periodic table, answer the
  following questions
• What element does this atom represent?
• How many valence electrons does this atom have?
• How many neutrons does this element have
  according to the periodic table?

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The Periodic Table

• Remember
• The number at the top is the group number.
• Valence electrons are the same as the group
  number for groups 12
• Valence Electrons are the same for 13-18 by
  subtracting 10 from the group number.
• Example Lithium (Li) has 1 valence electron,
  Carbon has 4.
• Valence Electrons for Groups 3-12 will not be on
  the EOCT!

There are 7 periods- Each begins with an active
metal and ends with a non-reactive
nonmetal (Noble gas)

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Isotopes are the same element with different s
of neutrons, the mass is the average.
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Can you.
Answer this

• Remember.
• Metals are on the left of the stair step
• Non metals are on the right of the stair step
• Noble Gases are to the far right of the table

C is correct because it would in a group
with the noble gases (nonmetallic gas)
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Example problem

• Answer D is correct

• because when an atom like Magnesium (Mg) loses 2
  electrons it now has two more protons than
  electrons so it has a 2 charge

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Metals and Nonmetals

• Highly Reactive Metals
• Group 1 is the Alkali Metals
• Group 2 is the Alkaline Earth Metals

• Non-Reactive Nonmetals
• Group 18 is the Noble Gases-non reactive

So why is that important? When they react
together metals form positive ions (cations) and
nonmetals form a negative ion (anion) Metals in
group 1 lose 1 electron, metals in group 2 lose
2, etc. Nonmetals in groups 15, 16, and 17 gain
electron to become ions with -3, -2, and -1
charges
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Bonding

• Ionic Bonding
• has a transfer of electrons from a metal to a
  nonmetal

• Covalent Bonding
• usually occurs with non-metals, they share
  co means to share

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Sample Problem

• C is the correct answer

because in covalent bonding they share electrons
back and forth between the atoms
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Radioactivity

• Unstable nuclei give off energy in 3 ways

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Sample Question
Answer B is correct Because gamma radiation Is
the most energetic radiation So it penetrates
deepest into body tissue
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Half-Life

• Every radioactive element has a distinctive rate
  of decay.
• The formula t1/2
• That is half the time it takes half of the atoms
  to undergo decay
• Sample problem
• How much of a 100.0g sample of 198Au is left
  after 8.10 days if its half-life is 2.70 days?
• Answer 12.5 g
• Strategy Make a chart

T(days) Amount 198Au remaining (g)
0 100.0 g
2.7 50.0 g
5.4 25.0 g
8.1 12.5 g
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Fission and Fusion Confusion
Why is it important Fission provides power for
the U.S providing a huge amount of energy with
little pollution. The negative The wastes are
hard to get rid of and the type of pollution is
really bad. Fusion Energy from the sun could be
a future energy source with less pollution
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Sample Problem
Answer A is correct because spent nuclear fuel
is still radioactive and can be hazardous to
dispose of and store.
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Fission and Fusion Equations
21083Bi ? 42He
The correct answer is C
Why? Because in an alpha decay(a), an alpha
particle emission , 2 protons and 2
neutrons which He (helium) are released. That
leaves you with a mass number that is 4 less than
the original and 2 less for the atomic
number-when you look it up on the periodic table-
it is Thallium 81!
A. 21485AtB. 21485BiC. 20681TlD.
20681Bi
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Fission and Fusion Equations

• 234 Th?234 Pa 0 e
• 90 91 -1

Use the equation above to help you solve the
following equation What type of decay will
result in the europium-145 isotope? 195 Eu
   ___  ?  195Sm 63 62 Answer ß
(Beta ) decay or 0 e
-1 If a Europium atom has an
average atomic mass of about 152. Since Eu-145
is neutron-poor and as a heavier element, it is
more likely to decay by electron capture than by
positron emission.
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Molecular Motion and Phases of Matter

• So. there are 3 things that influence phase
  changes
• Pressure (P)
• Absolute Temperature (T)
• Volume (V)
• Relationships
• Pressure and Volume (opposites-as one increases
  the other decreases)
• Temperature and Volume (in fixed amounts of
  pressure, when one increases so does the other)
• Volume-Amount Relationship (At a constant
  pressure and temperature, the volume will
  increase as the amount of molecules in gases
  increases

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• What would be the best way to convert a sample of
  water from a liquid to ice?
• Increase pressure B. Decrease temperature
  C. Decrease pressure
• D. Apply an electrical field
• B is the correct answer, but why?

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Another type of problem with T, V and P
Y
This graph shows the results for an experiment
with Nitrogen gas. They forgot to label the x
and y axis. Based on your knowledge of
temperature, volume and pressure, what should
each axis be labeled? Answer The volume is
inversely proportional to the pressure,
meaning when the volume decreases the pressure
increases so a possible label could be
Y
X
Could there be another answer?
X-axis Y-axis
pressure volume