AKS 34 The Islamic World

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AKS 34The Islamic World

• Chapter 10
• Pages 263-279

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Overview of Islam Station 1

• Today, Islam is the worlds fastest growing
  religion with more than 1 billion followers
  throughout the world

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Station 1
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Origins of Islam

• Bedouins
• Arab nomads
• Ideals of courage, loyalty to family, and warrior
  skills became an important part of the Islamic
  way of life

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Origins of Islam

• Muhammads Early Life
• Orphaned at age 6
• Raised by his grandfather and uncle
• Received very little schooling
• Began working in caravan trade as a young man in
  Mecca
• Became the trader and business manager for
  Khadijah, whom he later married

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Origins of Islam

• Muhammads Revelations
• Muhammad was meditating in a cave outside Mecca
  when he heard a voice who told Muhammad he was a
  messenger of Allah
• He believed the voice was that of the angel
  Gabriel
• He came to believe that he was the last of the
  prophets a
• Taught that Allah was the one and only God and
  all others must be abandoned
• Islam submission to the will of Allah
• Muslim one who has submitted

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Origins of Islam

• Ideas Rejected in Mecca
• Meccans feared that the traditional Arab gods
  would be neglected and Mecca would no longer be a
  center for pilgrims

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Origins of Islam

• The Hijrah
• Muhammad decided to leave Mecca in 622 after some
  of his followers were attacked
• He moved to Yathrib (later called Medina), 200
  miles north of Mecca
• This migration is known as the Hijrah, or
  flight
• Turning Point because
• Attracted many devoted followers
• Became a popular religious leader
• Became a political leader who united Arabs,
  Muslims, Jews
• Became a military leader in the hostilities
  between Mecca and Medina

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Origins of Islam

• Muhammads Return to Mecca
• 630 Muhammad 10,000 of his followers marched
  to Mecca
• Meccas leaders surrendered without a fight
• Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and
  had the call to prayer made from its roof
• Most Meccans pledged their loyalty to Muhammad
  and converted to Islam
• Mecca became a base from which to work toward
  unifying the Arabian Peninsula under Islam

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Basic Tenants of Islam

• There is only one god, Allah
• Each person is responsible for his or her own
  actions

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Basic Tenants of Islam

• Five Pillars of Islam
• Faith
• Prayer
• Alms
• Fasting
• Pilgrimage
• Muslims do not separate their personal life from
  their religious life. Carrying out the Five
  Pillars of Islam and other customs ensures that
  Muslims live their religion while serving in
  their communities

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Basic Tenants of Islam

• Sources of Authority
• Original source of authority is Allah
• Islam has a scholar class called the ulama
• The Quran is the holy book of Muslims
• The best model for proper living is the Sunna, or
  Muhammads example
• Guidance of Sunna and Quran was assembled into a
  body of law called sharia
• System of law regulates the family life, moral
  conduct, and business community life of Muslims

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Islamic Empire Expands

• Muhammads Death
• Died in 632
• Abu-Bakr, a loyal friend, became the first
  caliph, or successor
• Caliphs leaders who followed Muhammad, meaning
  successors to the prophet. The supreme
  political and religious leader in a Muslim
  government
• Spread Islam by waging jihad against nonbelievers
• Jihad has two meanings
• Means striving and refers to inner struggle
  against evil
• Means holy war against those who do not believe

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Islamic Empire Expands

• The Rightly Guided Caliphs
• Used the Quran and Muhammads actions as guides
  to their leadership
• Mobilized highly disciplined armies that
  conquered Arabia, parts of the Byzantine Empire,
  and parts of the Sassanid Empire
• Ali, Muhammads cousin and son-in-law, was
  assassinated
• This ended the elective system of choosing a
  caliph

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Warm Up
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Islamic Empire Expands

• Reasons Why Expansion Was Successful
• Arabs were very passionate in their faith
• Muslims were willing to fight to extend and
  defend Islam
• Armies were well disciplined and expertly
  commanded
• Byzantine and Sassanid empires were weak
• People who had suffered from religious
  persecution welcomed the more tolerant invaders

From 632 to 750, highly mobile troops mounted on
camels were successful in conquering lands in the
name of Allah
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Islamic Empire Expands

• The Umayyads
• Moved the Muslim capital to Damascus
• Abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs
• Surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony
• Collapsed due to religious political opposition

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Islamic Empire Expands

• The Abbasids
• Took power because they were the most powerful of
  the rebel groups that opposed the Umayyads
• Moved the capital to a newly created city,
  Baghdad
• Developed strong bureaucracy to conduct the
  affairs of the huge empire
• Created a system of taxation
• Established strong trade network
• Failed to keep complete political control over
  their immense empire, and so they eventually fell

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34b identify the Muslim trade routes to India,
China, Europe, and Africa and assess the economic
impact of this trade

• 34c explain the reasons for the split between
  Sunni and Shi'a Muslims

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Muslim Trade Network

• Trade flourished during the reign of the Abbasids
• Two major sea-trading networks
• Mediterranean Sea
• Indian Ocean
• Land networks
• Silk Roads
• Arabian Peninsula

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Muslim Trade Network

• Trade Encouraged By
• Muslim money changers who set up banks in cities
  throughout the empire
• Banks offered sakks, or credit, to merchants that
  could be exchanged for cash throughout the empire
• In Europe, sakk was pronounced check, so using
  checks dates back to the Muslim Empire
• Silk Roads Arabian Peninsula
• Connected Muslims world to China, India, Europe,
  and Africa
• Arabian Peninsula
• Connected Indian Ocean trade routes to
  Mediterranean Sea
• Muslim merchants needed only to speak Arabic
  (unifying force of Islamic Empire) and the
  Abbasid dinar as a currency to travel
• No one person traveled the entire length of the
  Silk Road middlemen would buy goods in one
  region and sell them in another

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Warm Up

• Who is the founder of Islam?
• What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
• What is a Caliph?
• Why did the Islamic empire spread rapidly?
• What places were connected to the Muslim trade
  routes?
• The unifying factor in the Islamic Empire and in
  trade was __________.
• What is the relationship between Islam,
  Christianity, and Judaism?

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Warm Up (G/H)

1. What important role did the Arabian peninsula
   play in trade?
2. How did most Meccans respond to Muhammad after he
   took over the city?
3. What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
4. What is the relationship between Islam, Judaism,
   and Christianity?
5. What is Sharia law?
6. What is a caliph?
7. Why did the Islamic Empire spread rapidly?

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The Conflict Islamic Split

• 656
• Uthman, the third caliph, was murdered
• There was disagreement over who should succeed
  Muhammad
• Ali was the natural choice as a successor, but
  his right to rule was challenged by Muawiya, a
  governor of Syria
• 661
• Ali was assassinated
• Umayyad family filled the power vacuum

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The Split

• Cause followers of Muhammad disagree over who
  should succeed Muhammad as the next caliph
• Majority of Muslims accepted Umayyad rule in the
  interest of peace they became Sunni, meaning
  followers of Muhammads example
• Sunni believed the next caliph could be elected.
  
• Some continued to resist they became Shia
• The Shia said that the caliph needed to be a
  descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. Shia means
  party of Ali.
• Another group, the Sufi, rejected the luxurious
  lifestyle of the Umayyads and pursued a life of
  poverty and devotion to a spiritual path.

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34d identify the contributions of Islamic
scholars in culture, innovations, and the
preservation of Classical knowledge to include
medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta)

• WARM-UP
• Why did the different sects of Islam form?

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Review Questions

• Why did the Russians have to move their capitol
  to Moscow?
• What was one positive outcome that developed due
  to Mongol domination
• Name three reasons why Genghis Kahn was such a
  successful conqueror?
• Name one of the Pillars of Islam
• What was the cause of the Sunni and Shia split?
• The Arabian peninsula was key in the trading
  activities of what group of people?
• Prince Vladimir instituted what religion as the
  official religion of Russia?
• What was the Capital of the Abbasid Empire?

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Muslim Cities

• Cities symbolized the strength of the caliphate.
• Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid empire.
• Baghdads city plan included circular design and
  protective walls

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Social Classes

• Four Social Classes
• The upper class was Muslims by birth
• The second class included converts to Islam
• The third class included Christians, Jews, and
  Zoroastrians
• The lowest class was made up of slaves
• These social classes do not exist anymore

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Role of Women

• According to the Quran, men and women are equal
  as believers
• Muslim women were expected to submit to men
• Muslim women were expected to be veiled when out
  in public

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Muslim Literature

• The Quran is the standard for all Arabic
  literature and poetry
• Literary tastes also included poems about nature
  and the pleasures of life and love
• Bedouin poets composed poems on bravery, love,
  and generosity.

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Muslim Art

• Calligraphy
• The art of beautiful handwriting
• Allowed artists who could not portray living
  beings to express themselves

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Muslim Architecture

• Lots of cultural blending
• Mix between Muslim and Byzantine ideas, some
  Roman ideas mixed in there
• Mostly seen in mosques

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Muslim Medicine

• al-Razi
• Considered greatest physician of Muslim world by
  Europeans
• Wrote an encyclopedia and wrote the Treatise on
  Smallpox and Measles
• Ibn Sina
• Wrote Canon of Medicine, a standard medical
  textbook used in Europe until the 17th century

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Muslim Math and Science

• New Ideas
• Reliance on scientific observation
  experimentation
• Ability to find mathematical solutions to old
  problems
• Science
• Muslim scientists preferred to solve problems by
  conducting experiments in laboratory settings
• Created the astrolabe to calculate time and map
  the position of the stars
• Developed irrigation systems and underground
  wells for use in the desert
• Math
• Al-Khwarizmi
• Mathematician who wrote a textbook explaining
  the art of bringing together unknowns to match a
  known quantity
• This was called al-jabr today called algebra
• Math was believe to be the basis for all knowlege

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Muslim Geography

• Ibn Battuta
• Traveler and historian
• Visited most of the countries in the Islamic
  world, including cities like Timbuktu and other
  cities in Mali
• He learned he could travel without fear of crime
  and praised people for their study of the Quran,
  but criticized them for not strictly practicing
  Islams moral code

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Muslim Philosophy

• Scholars translated works of Greek philosophers
  into Arabic
• Ibn Rushd
• Tried to blend Greek views with those of Islam

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34g analyze the relationship between Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam

• WARM-UP
• Why did Islam spit into the Sunni and Shia
  sects/branches?
• What the science and mathematics contributions
  attributed to the Golden Age of Muslim culture
  and learning?
• Who in the Islamic Empire made contributions to
  medicine? Whose writings were highly influential
  in the study of geography?
• What sacred rules or code of behavior can be
  found in Islam, Christianity, and Judaism?
• What is believed to be the basis for all
  knowledge in the Islamic community? (hint its
  academic subject)

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Review Questions

• What important role did the Arabian peninsula
  play in trade?
• How did most Meccans respond to Muhammad after he
  took over the city?
• What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
• What is the relationship between Islam, Judaism,
  and Christianity?
• What is Sharia law?
• What is a caliph?
• Why did the Islamic Empire spread rapidly?

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Links Between Religions

• To Muslims, Allah is the same God worshiped in
  Christianity Judaism
• Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, not the Son of
  God
• Quran is the word of Allah as revealed to
  Muhammad in the same way the Torah and Gospels
  were revealed to Moses and the New Testament
  writers
• Believe Quran perfects earlier revelations, it
  is the final book, and Muhammad is the final
  prophet

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Links Between Religions

• All three believe in heaven, hell, and a day of
  judgment
• Jews do not place as much emphasis on hell
• All trace their ancestry to Abraham
• Muslims refer to Christians and Jews as people
  of the book
• Sharia law requires Muslim leaders to extend
  religious tolerance to Christians Jews
• Ten Commandments can be found in Judaism,
  Christianity, and Islam as a code for behavior