Title: Chapter 11 Islamic Civilization
1Chapter 11Islamic Civilization
Great Mosque in Makkah
2Section 1 The Rise of Islam
3- Deserts cover most of Arabian peninsula.
- Vast platform of ancient rocks once continuous
with north-east Africa. Fissures from the rift
valley opened up to create the Red Sea Gulf of
Aden.
4- Underground water rises occasionally to the
surface to create an oasis in the vast desert. - Southwest mountain region receives enough rain to
support plants such as olive trees.
5- Bedouins- Arab desert herders who travelled from
oasis to oasis to find water and food for their
cattle. (camels, goats, sheep)
Bedouins also regularly attacked traveling
merchants, robbing them of goods.
6Trade and Towns
- Many other Arabs lived in villages where they
farmed, raised animals or were merchants.
Merchants would transport goods across the desert
to traders coming from Europe and Asia by
caravans. As trade grew, more towns developed in
Arabia. Makkah or Mecca became the richest of
them all.
7Islam?
- Islam is an Arabic word meaning, to surrender.
For Muslims it means to surrender to the will of
Allah or God.
the religious faith of Muslims, based on the
words and religious system founded by the prophet
Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic
principle of which is absolute submission to a
unique and personal god, Allah.
8Prophet Muhammad
- A.D. 570 Muhammad born in Makkah, into a poor
clan which opposed the wealthier merchant clans.
Grew up in poverty, (his father died before he
was born, therefore he could not inherit any
land) became a servant to and later married a
wealthy widow at 25. - 610, Muhammad hears a voice from heaven telling
him to recite the words of God. He believed he
was the 7th and final prophet of God. Whatever he
said was Gods message to the Arabs, and is
memorized by his followers. Muslims still
consider the Quran as the spoken word of God to
the Arabs, it can not be translated into any
other language.
9Muhammads Hijrah to Yathrib
- Muhammad taught the polytheist Arabians to
abandon their practice of worshipping many gods
and only worship, Allah, the Arab god of
creation. His teachings of redistributing wealth
among everyone equally did not sit well with
wealthy merchants. After loosing protection from
his clan, Muhammad was forced to move to Yathrib,
renamed Madinah, which means, city of the
prophet. - The people of Madinah welcomed Muhammad as their
new leader and begin the new Muslim calendar in
the year A.D. 622 is their year 1. What year is
it in the Muslim calendar now?
10- Up to this time, all of Muhammads revelations
had been centered around the individuals
relationship with Allah. When he became a
political threat to the old Arabic ways, his
revelations became more politically/military
minded. He set up an Islamic state, a government
that uses its political powers to uphold Islam,
which continues to this day. Followers of Islam
become known as Muslims. - To defend his new govt. Muhammad built an army.
After capturing Mecca in 630, he made it a holy
city of Islam.
11What is the Quran?
- The one common factor Jews, Christians and
Muslims have is the belief in one God. All 3 are
monotheist religions. - The Quran is the holy book of Islam. Believed to
be handed down from God to Gabriel to Muhammad.
Revelations were written down and memorized as
Muhammad stated he was experiencing messages from
God. Islam teaches man had distorted religion,
therefore Islam is the only true religion. Jewish
and Christian beliefs were superseded when
Muhammad received his revelations.
12- The Five Pillars of Islam are acts of worship all
Muslims must fulfill. 1. Belief in one God,
Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet, 2. Muslims
must pray 5 times a day, facing Mecca. 3. Muslims
must give to the poor. 4. Muslims must fast
during Ramadan (based on the lunar calendar), 5.
Muslims must make one pilgrimage to Mecca once in
their life.
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14- Video Millions Perform Hajj in Mecca
15Islamic Empires, section 2
- Following Muhammads death in 632, problems arose
about succession. Caliphs, which means, successor
to the Messenger of God, were named to continue
Muhammads teachings.
- The Rightly Guided Caliphs were the first four
caliphs to rule who obeyed Islams teachings.
Today they make up the Shiites sect of Islam. - During the next 120 years Islam spread to include
all of southwest Asia, northern Africa, Spain and
some of Italy, Greece and India.
16- Another sect of Islam are the Sunni who believe
anyone can rule, doesnt have to be a blood
descendent of Muhammad. Ruled during the Umayyad
caliphs from 661-750.
- According to the CIA factbook, Iraq has Muslim
97 (Shi'a 60-65, Sunni 32-37). - Iran has Muslim 98 (Shi'a 89, Sunni 9).
- Shia more radical and militant of the two groups.
17- Today, Indonesia includes more Muslims than any
other nation in the world. - 234,693,997 (July 2007 est.)
- 86 are Muslim
- 201,836,837 Muslims in Indonesia
18- 1300s Arab merchants crossed the Sahara to trade
with kingdoms in West Africa. The west African
city of Timbuktu became a leading center of
Muslim learning. - Why do you think Islam attracted so many people,
so quickly?
19- While many Muslims lived in or near cities for
trading purposes, most Muslims lived in villages
farming the lands.
20- As far back as 750, Sunnis and Shia have grappled
for political power. The Shia overthrew the Sunni
Umayyad dynasty b/c the Persian Muslims thought
the Arab Muslims were favored in jobs and paid
less taxes and also the question of who had the
right to rule. - Abbasid dynasty built a new capital in Baghdad,
which helped trade prosper. They devoted their
energies to scholarship and the arts as well.
21The Arab Empire Ends
- Even though the Seljuk Turks ruled the Abbasid
dynasty politically from 1055, the caliph
remained its religious leader.
- 1200s Mongols begin invading from Central Asia.
1258, conquer and burn Baghdad to the ground.
22Other Muslim Empires
- The Arabs built the first Muslim empire.
- One of the largest and most powerful Muslim
empires was the Ottoman Empire. Originates in
present day Turkey in 1299, and continued until
11/1/1922. - 1520-1566-Suleiman I was most famous sultan
during the Ottoman Empire.
- Named after Solomon, who Muslims admire as a just
ruler, he lived up to his name with conquests all
the way to central Europe. He also combined civil
laws (property ownership, taxation, price
regulation) with Islamic law.
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24- Another Muslim Empire grew during the 1500s in
India. - Moguls were Muslim warriors who came from the
mountains north of India and conquered
territories with cannons, guns, elephants and
horses. - Greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar, known for his
religious tolerance, forbidding forced suttee and
abolishing slavery. - Considered the Suleiman I of his day b/c of his
acquisition of new territories and reform of law
code.
25- As seen with other empires, when Akbar dies, the
empire begins to decline. Later rulers are
spending too much money trying to expand the
empire, then impose higher taxes on the people.
Others tried to force Hindus to convert to Islam.
These policies led to rebellions and parts of the
empire break away. - Eventually, Great Britain takes control of most
of India.
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27Muslim Ways of Life, section 3
- Up to the age of exploration, Muslims were the
worlds leading traders b/c of location. - Trade routes over land were from Baghdad and
China, over seas their ships carried spices,
cloth, glass and carpets from India and Southeast
Asia and brought back rubies, gold, ivory and
slaves. Once the Europeans found new ways to
bypass the Muslim traders, their economy started
sliding downward. How does this compare to the
oil crisis of today?
28Muslim Cities
- Muslim cities look very much like cities in
Europe in that there were houses of worship
called, mosques, and marketplaces called,
bazaars.
29Muslim Social Structure
Look familiar?
30Muslim Achievements
- Muslims invented algebra, borrowed the numerals
0-9 from Hindu scholars in India, later become
known as Arabic numerals. - Perfected the Greek astrolabe for sailors to
determine their location at sea. Also used to
measure around the Earth, realized the Earth is
round. - Arab doctors were the 1st to discover how blood
circulates and how diseases are spread.
31- Muslim art does not show images for fear the
observer would worship the image and not Allah. - The minarets around a mosque sound the time for
Muslims to bow toward Mecca and pray. - Taj Mahal in Agra, India is a tomb that was built
in 1629 for the Mogul rulers wife is made of
marble and precious stones.
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