International Horticulture

1
InternationalHorticulture Marketing

• Preparation for the Major
• for 2nd year students
• Beijing, October 2010
• Albertien Kijne
• Albertien.kijne_at_wur.nl

2
Meetings 2nd year IHM students

• Monday, 13.30-15.30 oclock, room 2412
• Lesson 1 Assignment 3 for IHM students
• Tuesday, 19.00-21.00 o clock, room 2412
• Lesson 2
• Wednesday, 8.00-12.00 o clock, room 2106
• Your PPT presentations assignment 2
• Wednesday, 13.30-18.30 oclock, bus
• Excursion Xiao Tang Shan (XTS) company
• Thursday, 19.00-21.00 o clock, room 2412
• Lesson 3
• Friday, 13.30-15.30 oclock, room 2106
• Lesson 4

3
Supporting lectures about horticultural production

• Horticultural production differences with arable
  production
• Open air cultivation and protected cultivation
• Farming systems, especially related to
  horticultural production
• Plant growth and development
• Pests and diseases (IPM)
• Quality and quality standards
• The value chain

4
Horticultural production Differences with arable
production

• More capital intensive
• More labour intensive
• More knowledge intensive
• More focus on individual plants (planting,
  pruning, inspection for diseases, harvesting)
• Mostly more perishable products quick and easy
  quality loss
• Product quality pays more
• Different ways of marketing

5
Question

• What are the differences between horticultural
• production and arable cropping regarding the
• use of fertilizer, energy, crop protection
  agents,
• waste management and water?

6
Horticulture open air cultivation and protected
cultivation

• Open air
• vegetables (cabbages, beans, ...)
• fruits (apples, oranges, grapes, raspberries,
  ...)
• garden plants, perennials, shrubs, fruit trees,
  ...
• cut flowers and greens
• Protected cultivation
• vegetables (cabbages, beans, .)
• fruits (apples, oranges, grapes, raspberries,
  ...)
• garden plants, perennials, shrubs, trees, ...
• cut flowers and greens

7
Types of protection

• Small or large tunnels, with a wooden, bamboo or
  steel
• construction

8
Types of protection

• Solar greenhouses (similar to tunnels but now
  with an extra
• wall directed to the north to store the warmth of
  the sun during
• the day and slowly releasing the warmth during
  the night)
• Xiao Tang Shan!
• Why sometimes
• like this?

9
Types of protection

• Modern greenhouses (made of aluminium and glass
  and
• mostly with modern climate control (heating,
  cooling, ...)
• Xiao Tang Shan!

10
Question

• What are the differences between a
• horticultural company with open air cultivation
• and a horticultural company with protected
• cultivation regarding the use of fertilizer,
• energy, crop protection agents, waste
• management and water?

11
System approach

• The system approach is useful to analyze
  situations
• and to find out what may happen to a system under
  
• change
• farming system the whole company
• cropping system greenhouse, rice land, fruit
  orchard
• crop system Rose, Chinese cabbage
• plant system one single plant
• cell system plant biotechnology
• Each (sub) system has inputs and outputs
• If there is change in one sub-system there often
  is
• influence on the other (sub) system(s)

12
Question

• What kind of systems do you have for your
  assignment 3 case situation? Explain.

13
Plant growth and development (1)

• Question What is important for plant growth
• and development?
• Think of as many things as possible!

14
Plant growth and development (2)

• Production factors
• Photosynthesis
• 6CO2 12H2O light ? C6H12O6 6O2 H2O)
• carbon water sugar oxygen
  water
• dioxide
• Needed CO2, water, light plus nutrients (N, Mg,
  P, K and others)
• The law of the minimum
• Environment should be favorable Temperature,
  Light, Relative Humidity (RH), (and carbon
  dioxide)

15
Plant growth and development (3)

• Temperature
• Air temperature, soil/medium temperature,
  leaf/plant temperature can differ from each other
• Recommendations usually about air temperature
• Average daily temperature influences the rate of
  plant development (e.g. flowering and dormancy)
• Temperature soil/media is important for
  germination or rooting of cuttings (should be
  more gt 21ºC)
• Optimum temperature best for the plant
  development (can vary during development!)
• Tolerable temperature plant does not die, but
  grows slowly or low quality

16
Plant growth and development (4)

• Temperature, continued
• Some plants need vernalization effect by cool
  temperature (1-3 months) for e.g. flowering
• DIF difference day and night temperature.
• High DIF gives more stem elongation.
• DIF may effect flower size and number
• Temp at last stage of culture few degrees lower
  than optimum to enhance colour postharvest life
• After harvest cool down to between 0 and 7ºC to
  slow down deterioration (temp depends on crop!

17
Plant growth and development (5)

• Light
• Gives the energy for photosynthesis
• Color, intensity (quantity) and day length
  (photoperiod)
• Physiological responses, e.g. seed germination,
  flowering, senescence, tuber formation dormancy
• Day length / Photoperiod a short or long day
  length can influence reactions in certain plants,
  e.g. flowering.
• Maximize light plant spacing, extra
  illumination, use a good greenhouse construction
  and maintenance
• Shading too much light is unpleasant for plants
  (and humans), leads to e.g. yellow leaves

18
Plant growth and development (6)

• Light
• New development LED light
• In future, perhaps
• - we do not need the sun anymore
• - we can cultivate more plants on a smaller
  area.

19
Plant growth and development (7)

• Water
• The right amount should be given
• Quality is important
• Different ways of watering
• Relative humidity (RH)
• High RH less chance of plant getting too dry
• High RH more chance for fungi and other diseases

20
Plant growth and development (8)

• The growth (sigmoid) curve
• exponential,
• linear,
• Declining
• Question Why do you think growth takes place
• like this?

21
Plant growth and development (9)

• The sink source theory
• Sinks parts that demand sugars young and
  growing parts
• Sources parts that deliver sugars leaves,
  seeds, tubers etc.
• Sinks compete with each other ? removing
• apples, pruning tomato side branches, removing
• grape branches.
• Explain!

22
Pests and diseases (1)

• Pests and diseases
• Affect quantity (yield) worldwide 30 of
  agricultural production is lost
• Affect quality (price)
• Are a big barrier for international trade
• Pesticides can harm
• Food
• Health employees that use pesticides
• Environment

23
Pests and diseases (2)

• Question
• What kind (categories) of pests and diseases
• exist in horticulture?

24
Pests and diseases (3)

• Pests
• Insects
• Spider mites
• Nematodes
• Rodents 1. 2.

25
Pests and diseases (4)

• Diseases
• Fungi
• Spores (water, wind)
• Bacteria
• Insects, water, soil 1. 2.
• Viruses
• Sucking insects, tools,
• hands
• 3.

26
Pests and diseases (5)

• Question How can you control pests and
• diseases?

27
Pests and diseases (6)

• How to control pests
• Biological (organic farming)
• Chemical with crop protection agents
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

28
Pests and diseases (7)

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• combination biological and chemical
• cultural control (good environment) breeding
  strong varieties
• scouting visual inspection
• physical control (mechanical or by hand)
• biological control
• Predators eat pests
• Parasites live on pests, e.g. put eggs inside
  larvae
• chemical control only when theres no other
  solution, pesticides which do not harm biological
  control

29
Pests and diseases (8)

• Question Why should a farmer use Integrated Pest
  
• Management (IPM)?
• How can the yellow and blue plates help?

30
Weeds

• Weeds also harm the production.
• Questions
• - Why?
• - How can you control weeds?

31

• See you tomorrow
• for your presentation of assignment 2
• and for excursion to Xiao Tang Shan
• Excursion every one year 2009!
• Assignment see handout.