You and Your Immune System

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You and Your Immune System

• Dr. Rick Woodward

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• Todays Agenda
• -Journal Questions
• a. How is the swine flu transmitted?
• Coughing Sneezing (Airborne)
• b. Is the swine flu viral or bacterial?
• 1. Lecture The Immune System
• 2. Homework Read Chapter 48
• 3. Video Virus Transmission
• 4. Study guide was already handed out.
• 5. Big Test this Friday(3/25/11)

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Bacterial Viral Agents of Disease

• A. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause
  disease.
• (e.g. Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa)

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Diseases Transmission

• A. Louis Pasteur proposed the idea that bacteria
  cause disease.
• (1) Pasteurization is the partial
  sterilization of a substance by increasing the
  temperature of that substance to destroy
  objectionable organisms (i.e. bacteria).

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Disease Transmission

• 1. Airborne Cough or Sneeze
• e.g. Strepthroat

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Disease Transmission

• 2. Waterborne Eat or drink contaminated food.
• e.g. Cholera produces diarrhea ? dehydration ?
  death

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Transmission of Bacterial Diseases

• 3. Direct Contact Touching an object or a
  living organism.
• a. Sexually transmitted diseases (e.g. Syphilis,
  Gonorrhea)
• b. Arthropods
• (e.g. Fleas spread bubonic plague, ticks carry
  lyme disease)

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Causes of Bacterial Diseases

• Production of Toxins
• 1. Exotoxins are released by living bacteria.
• (e.g. Tetanus)

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Causes of Bacterial Diseases

• Production of Toxins
• 2. Endotoxins are released by dead bacteria when
  they rupture.
• (e.g. TB Tuberculosis)

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Defending Against Pathogens

• A. Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
• 1. First Line of Defense
• a. Skin Mucous Membranes
• b. Cilia
• c. Mucus
• d. Saliva
• e. Tears
• f. Acids
• g. Enzymes

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Defending Against Pathogens

• A. Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
• 2. Second Line of Defense
• a. Inflammatory Response
• (1) Swelling, Hot, Painful, Red
• (2) White blood cells (WBCs) release
  histamine.
• a. Histamine increases the
  blood flow to the wound.

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Inflammatory Response
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Inflammatory Response
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Which hand looks inflamed to you?
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Defending Against Pathogens

• (3) Increase in WBCs to the area.
• a. Macrophages are scavengers that engulf and
  digest pathogens.
• (4) Infection Pus is tissue fluid containing
  macrophages, other white blood cells, and dead
  pathogens.

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Swine Flu Update

• 1. New Virus Name H1N1 Swine flu
• 2. WHO raises threat level to 5
• 3. Statistics (As of 5/3/09)
• a. Number of confirmed cases in the United
  States 226.
• b. Number of Deaths 1
• 4. 17 Countries have officially reported 787
  cases as of 5/3/09.

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Defending Against Pathogens

• B. Specific Defense Mechanisms
• 1. Third Line of Defense/Immune Response
• a. Terminology
• A foreign chemical is called an antigen
  (chemical identification marker).

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Antigen/Antibody Reaction of HIV
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Defending Against Pathogens

• Immune Response is carried out by
• 1. Lymphocytes WBCs from bone marrow are
  called B-Cells.
• WBCs from mature thymus are called T-Cells.
• 2. Macrophages Mature and go to lymph vessels
  and nodes, spleen and tonsils.
• 3. Lymph Fluid nodes act as filters.

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Defending Against Pathogens

• The human immune system includes
• Tonsils, thymus gland, spleen, lymph vessels
  and fluid, lymph nodes and bone marrow.

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Defending Against Pathogens

• B Cells and Antibody Formation
• 1. B Cells have protein molecules called
  antibodies embedded in their outer membranes.
• a. Y Shaped molecule
• (1) 2 Heavy Chains (Inside)
• (2) 2 Light Chains (Outside)
• (3) Tips of the Y are variable
• (Variations in amino acid sequences)

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Antibody
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Defending Against Pathogens

• 1. B-Cell is activated when it links to an
  antigen.

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Defending Against Pathogens

• B-Cell divides when it is activated to produce
• 1. Memory B Cells
• 2. Plasma Cells

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Defending Against Pathogens

• 2. Plasma Cells
• a. Plasma cells produce thousands of antibody
  molecules per second.
• b. These antibodies move to the site of
  invasion.
• c. Antibody molecules bind to antigens.
• d. Antibodies Antigens match clumping occurs,
  bacteria can now be identified and destroyed by
  macrophages.

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Defending Against Pathogens

• 3. Types of T-Cells
• a. Helper T-Cells
• b. Suppressor T-Cells
• c. Cytotoxic T-Cells

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Defending Against Pathogens

• A. Helper T-Cells regulate B-Cells and
  macrophages.
• (1) Receptors similar to the antibodies of
  B-Cells

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Defending Against Pathogens

• B. Suppressor T-Cells inhibit/suppress the action
  of B-Cells and macrophages.

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Defending Against Pathogens

• C. Cytotoxic T-Cells destroy infected cells by
  secreting chemicals that attract macrophages.
• (1) Some Cytotoxic T-Cells secrete powerful
  chemicals that can kill infected cells directly.

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Defending Against Pathogens

• C. (2) Cytotoxic T-Cells can defend against
  cancer cells and infectious disease.
• (3) Helper T-Cells Suppressor T-Cells help
  regulate the activity of Cytotoxic T-Cells

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Defending Against Pathogens The Big Picture
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What are Allergies?

• 1. Allergies normally do not cause a reaction in
  most people.
• 2. When allergies do occur there is an immune
  response to an antigen.

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Allergy Skin Testing
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What are Allergies?

• 3. Example Pollen (antigen) causes Hay Fever
  and plasma cells release histamine.
• a. Histamine causes symptoms Runny nose and
  sneezing.
• b. Treatment Anti-Histamine

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What are allergies?

• 4. Recent Report in JAMA (May 12, 2010)
• -Journal of the American Medical Association-
• a. 30 of the population believe they have
  food allergies.
• (1) Only 8 of the children and just 5 of the
  adults actually had a food allergy from the 30
  surveyed.
• (2) Just because food may not agree with you,
  doesnt mean you have an allergy to it.

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Why you feel sick

• 1. First chills and then fever Due to
  chemicals released by macrophages.
• a. Fever interferes with the ability of viruses
  and bacteria to reproduce.

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Fever Response
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Why you feel sick

• 1. b. Fever increases the production of
  antibodies and the replication of T-Cells.

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Why you feel sick

• 2. Secondary hormones are released which causes
  a loss of appetite and also cause sleepiness.

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Organ Transplants

• 1. Cytotoxic T-Cell Receptors will bind to
  foreign proteins and ultimately destroy the
  tissue.
• 2. The transplanted tissue must be a donor
  match.
• 3. Treatment Cyclosporin is a medication which
  suppresses only the T-Cells.

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Organ Transplant Statistics
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Autoimmune Diseases

• 1. Antibodies or Cytotoxic T-Cells turn against
  the body and attack healthy tissue and organs.

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Most Common Autoimmune Diseases
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Immunity Prevention of Disease

• A. Did you have chicken pox as a child?
• (1) If you did, you might recall having a fever
  and a horrible, blotchy rash all over your body.
• (2) Once you have a childhood sickness like
  chicken pox, you will never get it again.

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Active Immunity

• A. The first time that your body is exposed to
  an antigen, your immune system springs into
  action.
• (1) Produces clones of plasma cells or cytotoxic
  T-Cells that store infection information.
• (2) Memory cells are produced, remain in your
  body for years to come, others last your entire
  lifetime.

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Active Immunity

• (3) If a pathogen reappears, your body can react
  very quickly, bypassing the early steps of the
  immune response.
• (4) When memory cells enable you to resist
  disease, you have what is known as active
  immunity.

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Uses of Vaccines

• A. Solutions prepared from weakened or dead
  microorganisms, viruses, or toxin are called
  vaccines.

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Uses of Vaccines

• B. Vaccines have been developed for some of the
  following diseases
• (1) Polio
• (2) Tetanus
• (3) Measles
• (4) Diphtheria
• (5) Mumps
• (6) Forms of influenza (Flu)
• (7) Bacterial pneumonia

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Uses of Vaccines

• C. There are over 100 different types/strains of
  colds
• (1) They mutate
• (2) Mutations result in different alleles, which
  in turn result in different protein antigens.

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Uses of Vaccines

• D. Synthetic Vaccines
• (1) Vaccines made from weakened bacteria,
  viruses, or toxins.
• (2) They often take a long time to produce and
  are usually expensive to develop.
• (3) Usually produced in animals.

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Uses of Vaccines

• E. Passive Immunity
• (1) A solution of antibodies and blood serum is
  called antiserum.
• (2) This is solution is used to convey immunity
  passively (immunity not directly generated by the
  host)