World War II

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World War II

• World in Flames

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Causes of World War II

• World War I and the worldwide economic depression
  devastated Europe.
• Political and Social unrest led to the rise of
  totalitarian political parties Nazi and
  Fascists Parties
• Charismatic leaders like Adolf Hitler and Benito
  Mussolini rose to power.

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Adolf Hilter

• Took advantage of German resentment over WWI to
  win support for Nazi Party.
• Ascended to power in 1933, known as the Fuhrer
  (leader)
• Called his government the Third Reich and
  empire that would last a thousand years
• Blamed the Jews for all of Germanys problems

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Benito Mussolini

• dictator of Italy from 1922- 1945
• head of the Fascist party
• executed after he was overthrown by Italian King
  hung from meat hooks to prove his death to the
  public

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Hitlers Aggression

• 1936 Germany occupies the Rhineland without any
  opposition
• 1938 Germany annexes Austria with no resistance
• 1938 demands the right to annex the Sudetenland
  region of Czechoslovakia
• Hitlers aggression is setting the stage of WWII

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Hitlers Aggression

• In an effort to avoid war, Great Britain and
  France give into Germany for a promise not to
  invade anymore territories
• This policy was known as appeasement

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Winston Churchill
A member of parliament at the time, he said,
Britain and France had to choose between war
and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have
war.
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Japan

• In the 1920s and 1930s, Japan began to
  aggressively expand its territory
• Japan had become a modern country but had few
  resources, so it choose to take the resources
  that it needed.
• Japan invades Manchuria a province in China in
  1931
• Captures most of the coastal cities but is unable
  to control inland
• Japan Joins the Axis powers in 1940

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U.S. Reactions

• Congress passes the Neutrality Act of 1939 and
  considers a Constitutional amendment to restrict
  the governments power to declare war.
• President Roosevelt keeps a suspicious eye on
  both Germany and Japan.

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U.S. Reactions

• Roosevelt had to deal with racial tensions in the
  U.S. armed forces
• A. Phillip Randolph, a civil rights leader,
  proposed a march on Washington D.C. to protest
  racial discrimination in the military.
• Roosevelt supports the Fair Employment Act
• Prohibits discrimination in defense industry
• First law against employment discrimination

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Major Events and Battles of World War II
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The War in Europe

• Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler launches WWII by invading
  Poland
• He choose to invade Poland because it stood
  between Germany and Russia
• He signs a Non-aggression Pact with Russia
  agreeing to divide Poland.
• Joseph Stalin, dictator of USSR, agrees to buy
  time to build up his forces.
• Britain and France declare war on Germany!

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The Fall of France.

• April 1940, Germany conquers Denmark, Norway
• In less than one month, Germany overruns the
  Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France
• Hitler wanted to establish peace with Britain so
  that he could turn his efforts toward Russia

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Battle of Britain

• Winston Churchill finds himself alone in Europe
  to fight Hitler.
• Hitler knew that he had to destroy Britains
  Royal Air Force before launching an invasion of
  England.
• Nightly bombings of London strengthened the
  British and Churchill in their fight.
• Hitler gives up his plan to invade Britain.

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The United States Enters the War

• Roosevelt wins a third term to office in 1940
• He is convinced that America cant afford to stay
  out of the war.
• 1941 Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act we
  would send aid to any country deemed vital to the
  U.S. and defer payment until later.

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Pearl Harbor

• U.S. imposes an embargo on oil and steel to
  Japan.
• Japan sets its sights on the natural resources of
  the Dutch East Indies.
• Japan had to deal with the US Naval fleet at
  Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
• Japan delivers a surprise attack on December 7,
  1941
• A day that will live in infamy -Roosevelt

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Internment Camps

• Many suspected that Japanese, German and Italian
  Americans would support the Axis powers
• Thousands were relocated to internment camps
• American military forced 100,000 Japanese
  Americans to leave their homes.

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Internment Camps

• Korematsu vs. United States said relocation was
  constitutional based on military urgency
• Ex Parte Endo case ruled that loyal Americans
  could not be held against their will.

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War in Europe

• Three days after Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy
  declared war on America
• Hitler had also invaded Russia
• The United States, Russia and Great Britain stood
  as the Allied Powers
• The Allies drive the Axis out of North Africa and
  parts of Italy and prepare for an invasion of
  Western Europe.

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D-Day

• Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt meet in Dec. 1943
  
• Soviets wanted Britain and American to open a
  second front against Germany
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower is appointed as
  Supreme Allied Commander of Operation Overlord.

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Operation Overlord

• Involved hundreds of thousands of troops
• Largest amphibious invasion in military history.
• Launched June 6, 1944
• 500,000 troops come ashore in Normandy, France
• August, 1944 Allies liberate Paris

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Battle of the Bulge

• Last major offensive battle for Germany attempt
  to break through allied lines to capture Antwerp,
  Belgium
• The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest of the
  battles that U.S. forces experienced in World War
  II
• the 19,000 American dead were unsurpassed by
  those of any other engagement
• Germans finally turned back Allies move on
  Berlin

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Fall of Berlin

• ", two massive Soviet army groups attacked Berlin
  from the east and south, while a third overran
  German forces positioned north of Berlin
• one of the final battles of the European Theatre
  of World War II.
• Hitler committed suicide in his bunker as the
  Soviets approached the city.

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V-E Day

• President Roosevelt dies will in office shortly
  before the war is over.
• Harry Truman becomes president
• Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) May 8, 1945

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Holocaust

• The invasion of Europe uncovered the horrible
  atrocities committed by the Nazis
• Nazis targeted people they felt were inferior or
  unfit especially the Jewish people.
• He blamed the Jewish people for all of Germanys
  problems when he took power.

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Holocaust

• The anti-semetism progressed to Hitlers Final
  Solution to the Jewish problem
• The Nazis attempt to exterminate the Jewish race
  through mass genocide
• Jews would be rounded up and placed in
  concentration camps for extermination.
• Approximately six million Jews and five million
  undesirables were killed .

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War in the Pacific

• Within hours of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan
  also attacked the Philippines, destroying half
  U.S. planes stationed there.
• Japanese forces invade and eventually take the
  Islands
• General Douglas MacArthur forced to abandon the
  Philippines, vowing to its people that he would
  return.

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Bataan Death March

• the forcible transfer of 90,000 to 100,000
  American and Filipino prisoners of war captured
  by the Japanese in the Philippines from the
  Bataan peninsula to prison camps,
• Characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse,
  murder, savagery, and resulted in very high
  fatalities inflicted upon the prisoners and
  civilians along the route by the armed forces of
  the Empire of Japan

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The Battle of Midway and Island Hopping

• Admiral Yamamoto considered a military genius
  for his attack on Pearl Harbor wanted to destroy
  the remainder of the US Fleet
• Battle of Midway a surprise by the American
  Navy on Japan
• American victory allows US to go on the offense
  in the Pacific

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Island Hopping

• The U.S. decided to advance on Japan from two
  directions.
• Across the central Pacific under Admiral Nimitz.
• From the South under General MacArthur and Halsey
• The southern route required an invasion of the
  Philippines which MacArthur had promised to the
  people of the Philippines.

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Island Hopping
The U.S. began a process of island hopping, in
which it attacked and conquered one group of
islands and moved onto the next.
People of the Philippines , I have
returned. MacArthur
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Island Hopping

• In desperation, Japan turned to the use of
  Kamikaze pilots to try and avoid defeat
• Kamikazes were pilots who committed suicide by
  intentionally crashing their planes into U.S.
  ships
• Famous battles include Iwo Jima. Guadalcanal,
  Okinawa

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Atomic Bomb

• The capture of Okinawa cleared the way for the
  invasion of Japan.
• Manhattan Project was conducted to build the
  first atomic bomb project was based in Los
  Alamos, New Mexico.

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Potsdam Conference

• Harry Truman, Churchill and Stalin meet to
  discuss post war policies.
• Potsdam Declaration restated their policy of
  unconditional surrender
• Japanese insisted on the condition that the
  Emperor would be protected.
• Truman authorized the use of the bomb

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Victory in Japan

• August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay
  dropped the first atomic bomb on the city of
  Hiroshima, Japan
• August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded
  Manchuria
• When Japan delayed its surrender, August 9, 1945
  , America dropped the second bomb on Nagasaki.
• Japan finally surrendered on August 14, 1945
• The next day was declared V-J Day

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The War at Home

• The government realized the support of the
  American People was crucial to victory
• They launched huge advertising campaign and
  theaters played newsreels that showed American
  war effort in a positive light

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War Production Board

• The U.S. economy had to switch from peacetime to
  wartime as quickly as possible.
• Roosevelt set up the War production Board (WPB)
  to oversee the transformation.
• It redirected the raw materials and resources
  from the production of consumer goods to the
  production of military goods.
• The U.S economy boomed and the western population
  increased rapidly.

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Income Tax and War Bonds

• The number of people required to pay income tax
  increased
• The government introduced the idea of withholding
  income tax from peoples paychecks and give it to
  the government
• War bonds were used as another source. Americans
  loaned the govt. 60 million dollars.

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Citizen Sacrifice

• People started growing victory gardens of their
  own food so that more food could be sent to
  soldiers.
• Rationing programs were started to control how
  certain resources were distributed.
• Government forced people to conserve resources
  that were needed for the war effort

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Rosie the Riveter

• Women took jobs normally reserved for men.
• Women became an important part of the workforce
  at home.
• A popular song was called Rosie the Riveter
• It became the symbol of women who entered the
  workforce to fill the gap.