SPONCH

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SPONCH

• What is SPONCH?

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TEXT SUPPORT

• 2-1

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SPONCH
6 most important elements to life

• S Sulfur
• P Phosphorus
• O Oxygen
• N Nitrogen
• C Carbon
• H Hydrogen

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Matter

• Anything that occupies space and has mass

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Element

• Simplest form of matter, cannot be broken down
  chemically into a simpler kind of matter

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Periodic Table of Elements

• Organized table of elements discovered so far
• Organized according to atomic structure and
  chemical characteristics

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Atoms and Atomic Structure

• Atoms are the simplest form of an element that
  keeps all the properties of the element

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Model of the Atom

• Parts of the atom
• Protons (), Neutrons and Electrons (-)
• Nucleus central core of the atom that contains
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons orbit the nucleus

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Determining Atomic Structure Using the Periodic
Table

• Atomic number of protons and is smaller
  number by the symbol
• Atomic mass number of protons of neutrons
• Assume for now that protons electrons

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Practice
Element protons neutrons electrons
hydrogen 1 0 1
helium
carbon
oxygen
sodium
chlorine
argon
sulfur
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Practice
Element protons neutrons electrons
hydrogen 1 0 1
helium 2 2 2
carbon 6 6 6
oxygen 8 8 8
sodium 11 12 11
chlorine 17 18 17
argon 18 22 18
sulfur 16 16 16
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Types of Bonds

• COVALENT strong bond between elements
• IONIC- attraction between elements due to
  opposite charges (weaker than covalent)
• HYDROGEN weakest type of bond

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Covalent

• Sharing of electrons to fill the valence shell
• Examples methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

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Ionic

• One element gains electrons becoming ____
• The other element loses electrons becoming
  _____________
• Opposites attract
• Ionic compounds
• Dissolve easily in water
• EX. NaCl

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Hydrogen bonds

• Caused by partial positive and negative charges
• Water is best example

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How does salt dissolve in water?

• Na and Cl
• Ions become attracted to the partial charges on
  water

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Biology
Todays Agenda

• I know the following
• atomic mass
• atomic number
• how to find of protons
• how to find of neutrons
• how to find of electrons
• atomic structure (drawings)
• types of bonds

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• QUIZ on Basic Chem.
• 2-1

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Chemistry Basics Quiz
Element Atomic Mass Atomic Number of protons of neutrons of electrons
Li Lithium
He Helium
B Boron
Na Sodium
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Draw the following atoms

• Carbon

• Oxygen

WATER H2O
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CARBON the building block of life!

• DRAW Carbon

Carbon is able to covalently bond with up to four
other elements or form double and triple bonds
with other carbon atoms.
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Carbon

• Carbon chains make up many structures of living
  organisms.
• Varying carbon chains structure and/or adding
  various atoms and molecules to the carbon chain
  will change its function

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• MAKE CH4
• MAKE C2H6
• MAKE C2H4

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Group of 4 Make

• C4H10 two different ways

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Ring Forms of Carbons

• Make C4H8 with NO DOUBLE BONDS

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• Add a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a 2 carbon chain

• You just made ethanol an alcohol that destroys
  liver cells

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MACROMOLECULES

• 4 Large Molecules Important to Life
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Stuff to know!

• Chapter 2-3
• Carbon chem
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

• Chapter 2-1
• Atomic
• Atomic mass
• Atomic structure
• Ionic bonds
• Covalent bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• Water chemistry
• Solutions,Solvents,pH
• polarity

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CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)n

• Functions provides energy (glucose is energy
  source for cells

• Monomers monosaccharides
• Examples glucose, fructose and galactose (all 3
  C6H12O6 so they are isomer)

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• Two linked disaccharides
• Examples sucrose (glucose and fructose) and
  lactose

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• Polymer polysaccharides
• Examples glycogen (animals) starch (plants)

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Why bulk-up on carbs?
Why not eat carbs?
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• CONDENSATION REACTION

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• HOW WOULD THIS GET BROKEN DOWN?

H20
HYDROLYSIS
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PROTEINS

• Monomers amino acids
• All amino acids have
• Amine group (NH2)
• Carboxyl group (COOH)
• R-groups differ

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Dipeptide
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FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS

• Structural
• Hormones
• Transport
• Histones
• ENZYMES!!!

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Lock and Key Model
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What symptoms would you have if you had sickle
cell anemia?
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1 amino acid is wrong in the hemoglobin sequence
mis-shaped RBCs
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LIPIDS

• MONOMERS fatty acids
• Saturated
• Unsaturated

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COMPLEX

• TRIGLYCERIDES
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• WAXES

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FUNCTIONS

• TRIGLYCERIDES insulation and energy storage
• PHOSPHOLIPDS main component in cell membranes

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HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES

• Fats such as cholesterol and saturated fatty
  acids build up in arteries
• What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis?

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Concept Map
Section 2-3
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
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Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
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WATER CHEMISTRY

• 2-2

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Section Outline
Section 2-2

• 22 Properties of Water
• A. The Water Molecule
• 1. Polarity
• 2. Hydrogen Bonds
• B. Solutions and Suspensions
• 1. Solutions
• 2. Suspensions
• C.Acids, Bases, and pH
• 1. The pH Scale
• 2. Acids
• 3. Bases
• 4. Buffers

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Hydrogen bonds

• Caused by partial positive and negative charges
• Water is best example

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Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
Cl-
Cl-
Na
Na
Water
Water
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Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
Cl-
Cl-
Na
Na
Water
Water
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Solutions

• Ions break away from each other and form hydrogen
  bonds with water (because its polar)
• Solute- the substance that is dissolved
• Solvent- almost always water, substance in which
  the solute is dissolved
• Ex. Koolaid
• Solute- koolaid powder
• Solvent- water

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Suspension

• Materials do not dissolve when placed in water,
  instead the water molecules keep them floating
• Blood- cells are floating in water solution

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H2O sometimes breaks down into H and OH-
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pH Scale indicates the concentrion of H ions in
water
Section 2-2
Oven cleaner
Acids have higher concentration of H, bases
have higher concentration of OH- The higher the
pH, the more BASIC the solution. The lower the
pH, the more ACIDIC the solution.
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
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Buffers

• Weak acids and bases that reacts with other acids
  and bases to change the pH.
• In the body, buffers help maintain homeostasis
• Ex. Blood needs to stay within 6.5 to 7.5.
  Stomach needs to stay around 3. Peptobismo
  (buffer) raises stomach acid if your stomach is
  too acidic.

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Interest Grabber continued

• 1. What are the reactants when wood burns?
• Reactants are oxygen and cellulose.
• 2. What are the products when wood burns?
• Products are carbon dioxide and water
• 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood
  burns?
• Light and heat are given off. Some students may
  also mention sound (the crackling of a fire).
• 4. Wood doesnt burn all by itself. What must you
  do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms
  of energy?
• To start a fire, you must light it with a match
  and kindling. You are giving the wood some energy
  in the form of heat.
• 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning.
  Why dont you need to keep restarting the fire?
• Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough
  heat to start more of the wood burning.

Section 2-4
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Section Outline
Section 2-4

• 24 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• A. Chemical Reactions
• B. Energy in Reactions
• 1. Energy Changes
• 2. Activation Energy
• C. Enzymes
• D. Enzyme Action
• 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

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Effect of Enzymes
Section 2-4
Reaction pathway without enzyme
Activation energy without enzyme
Activation energy with enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway with enzyme
Products
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Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Activation energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Activation energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Enzyme/Substrate Complex
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CATALASE AND H2O2