PowerPoint Presentation - Intro to Optics

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Transition to the Dark Side

• Triplet Blinking
• stable triplet state
• S1 T1 due to solvent
• halogens
• transition metals

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Quenching
Collision with solutes Resonance energy transfer
Energy transferred to non-fluorescent solute
molecule
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Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
r lt 50 A
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Death of a Fluor
Photobleaching T1 is highly reactive O2 likes
T1 electrons Oxygen radicals are highly
reactive cytotoxic
O2 or other solute
New compound (disrupted conjugation)
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Reflected Light (Epifluorescence) Microscopy
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Transmission Fluorescence Microscopy
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AOTF
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Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy
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Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
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Marvin Minskys Confocal Microscope
Patent application submitted in 1957 while Minsky
was a post-doc at Harvard
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Marvin Minskys Confocal Microscope
Epi-illuminated design eliminated need for a
condenser Also incorporated the concept of stage
scanning
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ConfocalMicroscope
Invented in 50s Not practical until
availability of low cost lasers and high speed
computers First commercial devices available in
the 80s Uses pinhole to limit collected light
to that which is confocal (i.e., shares
conjugates planes of focus) with the object plane
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Zeiss LSM510
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Marvin Minskys Confocal Microscope
Reduced blurring of image by light
scattering Increased effective resolution Improved
signal-to-noise ratio XY-scan possible across a
wide area of the specimen Inclusion of Z-scan
possibility Electronic adjustment of
magnification Possibility of quantitative
measurements of optical properties of the
specimen
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Nipkow Disk
Invented in 1884 by Paul Nipkow,a contemporary of
Abbe. Central element of an early incarnation of
the television.
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Tandem Scanning Optical Scopes
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Tandem Scanning Optical Scopes
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Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation

• Albert Einstein stimulated emission
  possible
• 1950s Charles Townes built first MASER
• Gordon Gould coined term LASER
• 1960 Theodore Maiman built first LASER
  (ruby)

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Stable LASER output requires establishment and
maintenance of a population inversion of
excitable electrons. Must pump the medium with
either electrical or photonic energy
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10,000 - 40,000 hours
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Laser Lines
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Alignment
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