EGYPT

1
EGYPT

• AME Education
• Sector Profile

2
Education Structure
EGYPT

• Public and private schools offer a secular
  curriculum. The Al-Azhar schools, a
  quasi-governmental system, offer a religious
  curriculum.

Source World Bank 2005
3
EGYPT
Education Structure

The public system serves about 85 of all
Egyptian students, primary to tertiary, and is
free at all levels.
Education Configuration and Enrollment Percentages Education Configuration and Enrollment Percentages Net Enrollments Net Enrollments
Classification Level/Grade Ages 2004 2007
Pre-primary Pre-school 4-5 16 17
Pre-university Primary, grades 1-6 6-11 98 96
Pre-university Lower Secondary, grades 7-9 12-14 82 N/A
Pre-university Upper secondary, grades 10-12 15-17 29 N/A
Pre-university Vocational secondary, grades 10-12 15-17 37 N/A
Tertiary Undergraduate study 18-22 33 N/A
Tertiary Post graduate study 22 33 N/A
Gross Enrollment Rate Gross Enrollment Rate Gross Enrollment Rate
Source World Bank 2005, World Development
Indicators 2009
4
Population Structure
EGYPT

• 63 of Egypts population is below the age of
  30.
• By 2015, the 30-64 year group will be 37. Young
  people need good education opportunities now
  to become effective workers later.

Egypts Population Structure
Source Assaad and Barsoum 2007, EPDC 2009
5
EGYPT
Education Policy

• Relevant Policies
• National Plan for Education for All 2003-2015
  http//planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste_en.
  php?Chp2Egypt
• National Strategic Plan for Pre-University
  Education Reform in Egypt 2007-2012
  http//planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste_en.
  php?Chp2Egypt
• Higher Education Reform Strategy 2009
  http//www.heep.edu.eg/pmu-report.htm

6
EGYPT
Education Access Pre-university

• Primary level is almost full.
• Lower secondary level grew at the fastest rate
  from 1996-2004 (4.15 average change).

Source World Bank 2005
7
Education Access Tertiary
EGYPT

• Egypt has invested heavily in higher education.
• University enrollment increased more than 11
  from 1996-2004

Source World Bank 2005
8
Education Access Gender
EGYPT

• Girls have nearly reached the same enrollment
  rates as boys.
• Egypt has been very successful in attaining
  gender parity at this level.

Source World Bank EdStats
9
Education Access Gender
EGYPT

• Gender parity has been reached at the secondary
  levels.
• Girls represent 48 of total student numbers at
  the pre-university level.

Source World Bank 2005
10
Education Quality Teachers
EGYPT
A new teacher professional development and
promotion system was adopted in 2007.
Source CIDA 2009
11
Education Quality Class Density
EGYPT
Class Sizes of 40 or More Students in Public
Primary Education, Selected Rural
Governorates/Metropolitan Areas 2003/04
Source World Bank 2005
12
Education Quality Testing
EGYPT

• Egypt ranked 37th out of 45 participating
  countries on an international achievement test
  in math and science.
• Egyptian students scored lower in the 2007 test
  with an average math score of 396 (406 in 2003)
  and science score of 408 (421 in 2003).

Source Ministry of Education 2006, World Bank
2007
13
EGYPT

• Education Equity Gender/ Geographic Disparities

Gender and geographic disparities in lower
secondary enrollment are evident at the
governorate level.
Lower Secondary Net Enrollments by Sex and
Selected Governorates 2003/04
Metropolitan Boys Girls Gap
Alexandra 112.5 110.5 2
Cairo 112.7 113.6 -0.9
Lower Egypt
Dakahia 89.2 93.1 -3.9
Sharkia 84.9 90.2 -5.3
Upper Egypt
Beni Suef 91.2 83.1 8.1
Fayoum 86.3 79.6 6.7
Minya 95.8 85.0 10.8
Assiut 86.5 81.2 5.3
Suhag 73.5 73.8 -0.3
Source World Bank 2005
14
Education Equity Income Disparities
EGYPT
Gender, wealth and geographic disparities in
school attendance remain, especially at the
secondary and tertiary levels.
Source World Bank 2007
15
Education Equity Academic Disparities
EGYPT

• A two-track system at secondary level (grades
  10-12) streams about 60 of students into
  Vocational Education.
• Tracking is based on 6th and 9th grade test
  exams scores.

Percentage Enrollments at Secondary Education
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
General Secondary 30.5 32.3 33.6 33.2 34.3
Vocational Secondary 69.5 67.7 66.4 66.8 65.7
Total Students 1,419,861 1,447,030 1,551,518 1,724,454 1,804,835
Source World Bank 2005
16
Education Efficiency Expenditure
EGYPT
Public spending on education is high by regional
and international standards.
Public Spending on Education in MENA as
Percentage (Most Recent Year During 1999-2003)
Source World Bank 2007
17
Education Efficiency Expenditure
EGYPT

Tertiary level absorbs 28 of the budget to
service 2 million students while pre-university
levels receive 70 to support 16 million
students.
Egypt Public Education Expenditure Pattern 2002
Source World Bank 2005
18
Education Efficiency Repetition
EGYPT

• Repetition rates have seen a steady reduction,
  particularly impressive at the general
  secondary level.
• Repetition at preparatory level remains an issue
  (average 8) as it does in Grade 4 and 5
  primary levels (both grades average 5.6).

Source World Bank 2005
19
Education Efficiency Repetition
EGYPT
Egypt is not as efficient in reducing repetition
as other countries which spend similar amounts of
public money on education.
Source World Bank 2008
20
Education Efficiency Staff Ratios
EGYPT

• The teaching to non-teaching/administrator staff
  ratio at pre-university levels is about 1.8,
  representing an highly inefficient use of public
  funds.

Education Workforce 1.4 million personnel in the system (2005) Education Workforce 1.4 million personnel in the system (2005)
Teaching 795,000 (57)
Non-teaching 89,000 (6)
Administrators 516,000 (37)
Source World Bank 2007
21
Education Efficiency Staff Ratios
EGYPT
The growth of teaching (2) and non-teaching
staff (3.6) is outpacing the growth of the
relevant student populations (1) at all school
levels.
Source World Bank 2007
22
Education Efficiency Private Tutoring
EGYPT
A rampant private tutoring system exists.

• Theoretically illegal and unacknowledged by the
  government but a booming business given the low
  salaries of teachers, high class densities and
  poor teaching quality, and competitiveness of
  national exams.
• Private tutoring expenditure in the aggregate
  about 4 of GDP, almost equal to government
  expenditure on education (about 6).
• 40 of students, 60 at secondary level, receive
  private tutoring (est.).
• The richest quintile spends 10 times more than
  the poorest quintile giving them a greater
  advantage in accessing more desirable education
  options.

Source World Bank 2007, Assaad and Barsoum 2007,
Personal email communication 2009.
23
Education Conclusion
EGYPT
Successes
Access Near universal primary enrollment.
Quality Existence of a teacher professional development system.
Equity Approaching gender equality system-wide.
Efficiency High levels of public expenditure on education.
Challenges
Access Geographic and wealth disparities in school enrollment especially at upper education levels.
Quality High repetition rates at specific grades and level.
Equity Inequitable academic division of students at secondary education. Inequitable spending patterns on education levels.
Efficiency Highly uneven staff ratios. Existence of a rampant private tutoring system.