CITATIONS, FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, and REFERENCES [e-mail]

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CITATIONS, FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, and
REFERENCESalisaukah_at_yahoo.com
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Definitions of Terms

• Citations include direct quotation (repeat the
  words written by someone else), paraphrasing
  (state other author/s idea/s using different
  words), recognizing or mentioning the existence
  of other research studies or findings
• There are two main ways of indicating the sources
  of literature cited in the text (1) Author-date
  (Harvard), and (2) Author-number (Vancouver)
• Other version (Chicago Manual) (1) Author-date
  system, and (2) Documentary Note style

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Harvard (author-date) style

• This system uses the author's name and date of
  publication in the body of the text, and the
  bibliography is given alphabetically by author.
  There are many variations on the style - examples
  are below

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Example

• "The author has discussed the implications of
  these proposals on the National Health Service in
  another paper (Loft, 1991). Other writers have
  commented on related issues, notably Lane (1992,
  1994) and Lewis (1995, p.54). "Names and dates
  are enclosed in parentheses unless the author's
  name is part of the sentence. If two papers are
  cited by the same author, and both are published
  in the same year, the first should be referenced
  as (Loft 1997a), then (Loft 1997b), and so on.

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• The full citation is listed at the end of the
  article, which is arranged in alphabetical order
  by author. Journal names are given in full and
  are italicised, as are book names. References
  would be cited as follows Annas, G.J. (1997a),
  'New drugs for acute respiratory distress
  syndrome', New England Journal of Medicine, vol.
  337, no. 6, pp. 435-439. Grinspoon, L.
  Bakalar, J.B. (1993), Marijuana the forbidden
  medicine, Yale University Press, London.

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Variations on the Harvard style

• Universities (and journals) have many variations
  for use in their own institutions, a few examples
  are linked below.Leicester University (UK)Year
  of publication is not in brackets and is followed
  by a full stop article titles are not placed
  within quotes, volume numbers are in bold and are
  not spelled outwww.le.ac.uk/library/sources/subj
  ect3/harvard.htmlMonash University
  (Aus)Article titles are in double
  quoteshttp//www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/cit
  ing/harvard.html University of Western
  Australia (Aus)In this recommendation, the year
  of publication is not in bracketswww.library.uwa
  .edu.au/education_training___and___support/guides/
  how_to_cite_your_sources

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Vancouver (author-number) style

• The Vancouver system differs from Harvard by
  using a number series to indicate references.
  Bibliographies list these in numerical order as
  they appear in the text. The main advantage of
  the Vancouver style is that the main text reads
  more easily, and some editors consider this to be
  less obtrusive. Additionally, references in the
  bibliography are directly correlated to numbers,
  saving the reader time in searching
  alphabetically for the first author of a
  reference.

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Vancouver (author-number) style

• Vancouver style is so named as it is based on
  the work of a group, first meeting in Vancouver
  in 1978, which became the International Committee
  of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The style was
  developed by the US National Library of Medicine
  (NLM) and adopted by the ICMJE as part of their
  'uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted
  to biomedical journals'.
• The NLM's annual publication 'list of journals
  indexed in Index Medicus' lists journals and
  their accepted abbreviations. The NLM
  abbreviation for a journal title is commonly
  required by medical journals.

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Example

• "The author has discussed the implications of
  these proposals on the National Health Service in
  another paper (1). Other writers have commented
  on related issues, notably Lane (2,3) and Lewis
  (4). "References in the Vancouver style would
  be cited in numerical order as below. This is a
  more economical style than Harvard, and excessive
  punctuation, spacing and formatting is absent.
  Journal names are abbreviated.(1) Annas GJ. New
  drugs for acute respiratory distress syndrome. N
  Engl J Med. 1997337435-9. (2) Grinspoon L,
  Bakalar JB. Marijuana the forbidden medicine.
  London Yale University Press 1993.(3)
  Feinberg TE, Farah MJ, editors. Behavioural
  neurology and neuropsychology. 2nd ed. New York
  McGraw-Hill 1997.

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The Chicago Manual of Style The Chicago
Manual of Style allows for two different types of
reference styles the Author-Date System and the
Documentary-Note Style.
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Author-Date System
Book - single author Book - single author Book - single author Book - single author
Citation in Text (Holmlund 2002) Reference List Form Holmlund, C. 2002. Impossible bodies feminity and masculinity at the movies. New York Routledge.
Book - more than one author Book - more than one author Book - more than one author Book - more than one author
Citation in Text (Craton and Saunders 1992) Reference List Form Craton, M. and G. Saunders. 1992. Islanders in the Stream A history of the Bahamian people. Athens University of Georgia Press.
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Author-Date System
Chapter from a book Chapter from a book Chapter from a book Chapter from a book
Citation in Text (Repgen 1992) Reference List Form Repgen, K. 1987. What is a 'Religious War'? In Politics and society in Reformation Europe, edited by E. I. Kouri and T. Scott, 311-328. London Macmillan.
Article from journal Article from journal Article from journal Article from journal
Citation in Text (Herring 1998) Reference List Form Herring, G. 1998. The Beguiled Misogynist myth or feminist fable? Literature Film Quarterly 26 (3) 214-219.
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Author-Date System
Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database
Citation in Text (Yin 2003) Reference List Form Yin, Sandra. 2003. Color bind. American Demographics 25, (7) 22-26. Academic Search Premier, via Galileo, http//www.galileo.usg.edu
Newspaper article no author Newspaper article no author Newspaper article no author Newspaper article no author
Citation in Text (Chicago Tribune 1994) Reference List Form Chicago Tribune. 1994. Gun injuries take financial toll on hospitals, February 24.
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Documentary-Note Style
Book - single author Book - single author Book - single author Book - single author Book - single author Book - single author
Footnote form(first footnote) 2. Chris Holmlund, Impossible Bodies Femininity and Masculinity at the Movies (New York Routledge, 2002), 159. 2. Chris Holmlund, Impossible Bodies Femininity and Masculinity at the Movies (New York Routledge, 2002), 159. Bibliographic form Bibliographic form Holmlund, Chris. ImpossibleBodies Femininity and Masculinity at the Movies. New York Routledge, 2002.
Book - more than one author Book - more than one author Book - more than one author Book - more than one author Book - more than one author Book - more than one author
Footnote form(first footnote) 1. Michael Craton and Gail Saunders, Islanders in the Stream A History of the Bahamian People (Athens University of Georgia Press, 1992), 24. Bibliographic form Bibliographic form Craton, M. and G. Saunders. Islanders in the Stream A History of the Bahamian People. Athens University of Georgia Press, 1992. Craton, M. and G. Saunders. Islanders in the Stream A History of the Bahamian People. Athens University of Georgia Press, 1992.
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Documentary-Note Style
Chapter from a book Chapter from a book Chapter from a book Chapter from a book
Footnote form(first footnote) 1. Konrad Repgen, "What is a 'Religious War'?" in Politics and Society in Reformation Europe, ed. E. I. Kouri and Tom Scott, 324 (London Macmillan, 1987). Bibliographic form Repgen, Konrad. "What is a 'Religious War'?" In Politics and Society in Reformation Europe, edited by E. I. Kouri and Tom Scott, 311-328. London Macmillan, 1987.
Article from journal Article from journal Article from journal Article from journal
Footnote form(first footnote) 1. Gina Herring, "The Beguiled Misogynyist Myth or Feminist Fable?" Literature Film Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1998) 216. Bibliographic form Herring, Gina. "The Beguiled Misogynist Myth or Feminist Fable?" Literature Film Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1998) 214-219.
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Documentary-Note Style
Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database
Footnote form(first footnote) 3. Sandra Yin, "Color Bind," American Demographics, 25, no. 7 (2003). Academic Search Premier, via Galileo, http//www.galileo.usg.edu 3. Sandra Yin, "Color Bind," American Demographics, 25, no. 7 (2003). Academic Search Premier, via Galileo, http//www.galileo.usg.edu Bibliographic form Yin, Sandra. "Color Bind." American Demographics 25, no. 7 (2003) 22-26. Academic Search Premier, via Galileo, http//www.galileo.usg.edu
Newspaper article - no author Newspaper article - no author Newspaper article - no author Newspaper article - no author Newspaper article - no author
Footnote form(first footnote) Footnote form(first footnote) 1. Chicago Tribune, "Gun Injuries Take Financial Toll on Hospitals," sec. 1, February 24, 1994. Bibliographic form Chicago Tribune, "Gun Injuries Take Financial Toll on Hospitals," February 24, 1994.
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Form for Additional Footnote References
Use this form after the first complete reference if only one work by this author is used 2. Kelly, 256.
Use this form for additional references when more than one work by this author is used 2. Kelly, "Double Vision," 81.
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FOOTNOTE AND END-NOTE

• Footnote or end-note can be used for two
  different purposes
• To provide bibliographical information about the
  source of literature cited in the text (see the
  documentary-note style in Chicago Manual of
  Style)
• To provide additional information related to the
  text to ensure smooth flows of ideas expressed in
  the text

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Bibliography and Reference

• There are two main systems of documenting the
  sources of citations Bibliography and Reference
• Bibliography includes all the sources reviewed by
  the author regardless of whether they are cited
  in the text or not.
• Reference only includes the sources reviewed by
  the author which are cited in the text.

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VARIATIONS IN WRITING REFERENCE

• Different styles vary in the way references
  should be written in terms of
• Names of authors
• Year of publication
• Order of bibliographical information
• The use of capitals and italics
• Abbreviations
• In general, there is a tendency to be more
  efficient and simpler

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Why Citing?

• To show any possible gaps or discrepancies
  between/among different research findings about
  the same topic so that it is clear how the
  present study contributes to the body of
  knowledge
• To show the frontiers of the respective knowledge
  as a result of accumulative research findings
  (state of the arts)

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Why Citing? (2)

• Recognizing the existence of research studies
  which can be compared with the present study
• To support ideas and arguments of the author
• To avoid unintentional plagiarism

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WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

• Plagiarism is using others ideas and words
  without clearly acknowledging the source of that
  information. (Indiana University, 2004)
• The following is taken from Ministerial Decree on
  Plagiarism (no 17, 2010)

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• Plagiat meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada
• mengacu dan/atau mengutip kata dan/atau kalimat
  dari suatu sumber tanpa menyebutkan sumber dalam
  catatan kutipan dan/atau tanpa menyatakan sumber
  secara memadai
• mengacu dan/atau mengutip secara acak kata
  dan/atau kalimat dari suatu sumber tanpa
  menyebutkan sumber dalam catatan kutipan dan/atau
  tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai

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• menggunakan sumber gagasan, pendapat, pandangan,
  atau teori tanpa menyatakan sumber secara
  memadai
• merumuskan dengan kata-kata dan/atau kalimat
  sendiri dari sumber kata dan/atau kalimat,
  gagasan, pendapat, pandangan, atau teori tanpa
  menyatakan sumber secara memadai
• menyerahkan suatu karya ilmiah yang dihasilkan
  dan/atau telah dipublikasikan oleh pihak lain
  sebagai karya ilmiahnya tanpa menyatakan sumber
  secara memadai.

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HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

• GIVE CREDIT WHENEVER YOU USE
• another persons idea, opinion, or theory
• any facts, statistics, graphs, drawingsany
  pieces of informationthat are not common
  knowledge
• quotations of another persons actual spoken or
  written words or
• paraphrase of another persons spoken or written
  words. (Indiana University, 2004)

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QUOTING

• Direct quoting as part of citation intended to
  provide original evidence in the forms of words,
  phrases, or sentences written by other author/s
• There are two ways, depending on the length of
  the words quoted (1) fewer than 40 words, or (2)
  40 words or more

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QUOTING (2)

• Incorporate a short quotation in a text and
  enclose the quotation in double quotation marks,
  if fewer than 40 words (fewer than 4 lines)
• Display the quotation in a free-standing block of
  lines, without quotation marks, if 40 words or
  more (4 lines or more)

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HOW TO PREPARE DRAFTS

• Decide which journals your manuscripts will be
  sent.
• Study the Guidelines for Authors in the journals
  (which may be attached at the end of each issue,
  or separately published)
• Study also how the guidelines have been
  implemented in the published issues

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FOR NATIONALLY ACCREDITED JOURNALS

• Sources to be cited should include
• Primary sources (journal) gt80
• Up-to-date ( published in the last 10 years)
  gt80
• Other than those are subject to the policy of the
  editors different journals may have their own
  styles.

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• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• American Psychological Association. 2005.
  Publication Manual of the American Psychological
  Association (5th Ed.). Washington, D.C. APA.
• Rifai, M.A. 2005. Pegangan Gaya Penulisan,
  Penyuntingan, danPenerbitan Karya Ilmiah
  Indonesia. Yogyakarta Gadjah Mada University
  Press.
• Universitas Negeri Malang. 2000. Pedoman
  Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Malang Universitas
  Negeri Malang
• Internet sources (see a separate sheet)

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• THANK YOU