Learning

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Learning

• Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and
  Observational Learning

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Intro to Learning classical Conditioning
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Intro Into learning
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Intro Into learning

• Humans are not born with a genetic layout for
  life
• Learning gives us flexibility
• Adaptability- to cope with
• changing circumstances.

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Intro Into learning

• If it can be learned then it is teachable.
• Agree/Disagree?
• Can change occur if new patterns are taught?
• Agree/Disagree?

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Intro Into learning

• Learning a relatively permanent change in an
  organisms behavior due to experience
• Three types of learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Observational/Social Learning

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Intro Into learning

• How do we learn?
• Aristotle We learn by association
• Learned associations feed routine behaviors
• Repeating behaviors in a certain context lead
  those behaviors to be associated with the contexts

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Intro Into learning

• More on association
• And to the Republic, for which it stands, one
  nation
• What is the line that came before this?

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• I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United
  States of America.
• And to the Republic, for which it stands, one
  nation

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Intro Into learning

• Associate Learning learning that certain events
  occur together. The events may be two stimuli or
  a response and its consequence

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Intro Into learning

• Conditioning is the process of learning
  associations
• Classical conditioning learn to associate 2
  stimuli and we can anticipate events
• Operant conditioning learn to associate a
  response and its consequences
• Repeat acts followed by rewards and avoid acts
  that result in punishment.

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Classical Operant
learn to associate 2 stimuli and we can
anticipate events
learn to associate a response and its consequences
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Intro Into learning

• Conditioning is not the only type of learning
• Observational Learning- learn from others
  experience

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Classical conditioning

• Conditioning is learned through association.
• Classical Conditioning is a learning process in
  which associations are made between a neutral
  stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
• it is sometimes called reflexive learning

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• No one developed Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov is credited with discovering it.
• Started off as a biologist in Russia
• First Russian to receive the Nobel Prize
• Began to study
• why dogs drool
• even though
• no food present.

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Pavlovs Experiment
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UCS Unconditional stimulus

• An event that elicits a certain predictable
  response typically without previous training.
• Food normally causes salivation- a dog does not
  have to be taught to salivate when it smells meat.

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ucr Unconditioned response

• An organisms automatic/natural response to
  stimulus
• This is a reflex

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NS Neutral stimulus

• Stimulus that does not initially elicit any part
  of an UCR (unconditional response)
• Tuning fork or bell before used in experiment

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Cs Conditioned stimulus

• A once-neutral event that elicits a given
  response after a period of training in which it
  has been paired with an UCS (unconditioned
  stimulus)
• Salivation of a
• dog was a natural
• occurrence until
• trained to do so
• when hears a bell.

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Cr Conditional response

• Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
• Salivation of a dog was a natural occurrence
  until trained to do so when hears a bell. That
  salivation is the conditional response.

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Sxzzzzzz njnn3
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Magic formula

• UCS (food)UCR (salivation)
• NS (Bell)UCS(food)UCR (salivation)
• CS (Bell)CR (salivation)

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Importance of Classical Conditioning

• Classical conditioning is involved in many of our
  behaviors
• wherever stimuli are paired together over time we
  come to react to one of them as if the other were
  present
• a particular song is played and you immediately
  think of a particular romantic partner
• you smell cinnamon and you immediately think of
  Christmas

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Classical Conditioning

• Some pointers on effective conditioning
• NS and UCS pairings must not be more than about
  1/2 second apart for best results
• Repeated NS/UCS pairings are called training
  trials
• Presentations of CS without UCS pairings are
  called extinction trials
• Intensity of UCS effects how many training trials
  are necessary for conditioning to occur

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Other Terms
Generalization Learning on stimulus A changes
behavior regarding stimulus B Discrimination
Learning on stimulus A doesnt change behavior
regarding stimulus B Extinction Loss of learned
behavior after training stops Spontaneous
Recovery Exhibiting learned behavior after
extinction has occurred.
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Assignment

• In pairs create a storyboard to illustrate the
  steps in the classical conditioning experiment
  performed by Pavlov. The storyboard should
  include both drawings and captions that pertain
  to the three phases of classical conditioning
  (before, during, and after training).
• Use your notes and page 243 for further help.

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identify the UCS, UCR, NS, CR, and CS place in
Magic Formula.

• The nurse says Now this wont hurt a bit just
  before stabbing you with a needle. The next time
  you hear This wont hurt you cringe in fear.
• You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that
  causes food poisoning. The next time you see a
  sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.

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Operant Conditioning
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• Suppose your dog is wandering around the
  neighborhood, sniffing trees, checking garbage
  cans, looking for a squirrel to chase. A kind
  neighbor sees the dog tosses a bone out to it.
  The next day, the dog is likely to stop at the
  same door on its rounds. Your neighbor produces
  another bone and another the next day. Your dog
  is a regular visitor now.

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Operant conditioning

• B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

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Operant conditioning

• Different from classical conditioning
• Classical conditioning is respondent behavior
• Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to
  some stimuli

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Operant conditioning

• Operant conditioning is a type of learning in
  which behavior is strengthened if followed by a
  reinforcement or diminished if followed by a
  punisher

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• Operant behavior behavior that operates on the
  environment, producing consequences
• We can distinguish if a situation is classical or
  operant by asking if the organism learns
  association between events
• Is the organism learning associations between
  events that it does not control (Its Classical)
• OR
• Is the organism learning associations between its
  behavior and resulting events (Its Operant)

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Operant conditioning

• Operant conditioning works on Thorndikes law of
  effect
• Principle that behaviors followed by favorable
  consequences become more likely and that
  behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences
  become less likely
• Rewarded behavior is likely to occur vice
  versa.

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Operant conditioning

• Skinner developed the Skinner box, or the operant
  chamber

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Skinner Box

• Used to study behavior conditioning by teaching a
  subject to perform certain actions (like pressing
  a lever) in response to specific stimuli, like a
  light or sound signal.
• When the subject correctly performs the
  behavior, the chamber mechanism delivers food or
  another reward.
• In some cases, the mechanism delivers a
  punishment for incorrect or missing responses.

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Operant conditioning

• Shaping an operant conditioning procedure in
  which reinforcers guide behavior closer and
  closer to desired behavior

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Operant conditioning

• Reinforcers
• Any event that strengthens behavior it follows

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Operant conditioning

• Types
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement

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Operant conditioning

• Positive Reinforcement
• Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive
  stimuli, such as food.
• This should strengthen the response

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identify if the reinforcement in the scenario is
positive or negative.

• You avoid talking about the problems between
  Israel and Palestine with your roommate, because
  it always results in an argument.
• A child is allowed one-half hour of TV time for
  each hour she spends doing homework.
• After being sure that the infant's diapers are
  dry and that he has been recently fed, a mother
  and father ignore the infant's crying at bedtime.

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Operant conditioning

• Negative Reinforcement
• Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing
  negative stimuli.
• A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when
  removed after a response, strengthens the
  response
• THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Examples
• Taking away an electrical shock
• Pushing your snooze button to stop the alarm
• Taking an aspirin to rid a headache

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Operant conditioning

• Types of reinforcers
• Primary meets some biological need
• Ex. Getting food when hungry
• Conditioned (secondary) gains reinforcing power
  through its association with a primary
  reinforcer.
• Ex. Light in the Skinner box

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Operant conditioning

• Punishment
• An event that decreases the behavior it follows

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Types of Punishment

• Positive Punishment Physical Punishment
• Ex. Spanking
• Negative Punishment Removal of a pleasant
  stimulus
• Ex. Grounding, taking away phone, etc.

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Operant conditioning

• Notes on physical punishment
• Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten
• 9/10 parents of 3-4 year olds spank
• Is spanking abuse or punishment?
• Punishment teaches discrimination
• Cant swear at home, but can get away with it at
  my friends house!!!
• Punishment can teach fear
• Physical punishment could model aggression as way
  to cope with problems

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Assignment

• Create a comic strip. It must include the
  following
• Compare Contrast Classical Operant
  Conditioning
• Explain the purpose of the Skinner Box
• Depict aspects of Shaping, Types of Reinforcement
  Punishment
• All key terms above must be defined

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Operant Conditioning continued

• How often should one reinforce a behavior?

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Operant conditioning schedule of reinforcement

• Two schedules of reinforcement
• Continuous Reinforcement
• Partial Reinforcement

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Operant conditioning schedule of reinforcement

• Continuous Reinforcement
• Reinforcing the desired response every time it
  occurs
• Examples of continuous reinforcement
• Every time Billy raises his hand and answers
• a question, he will receive praise.
• Every time Jamie Sue pottys in the toilet,
• she receives a cookie.
• Every time I put 1.00 in the candy machine
• and press C7, I get a Butterfinger!
• Extinction happens quickly once
• reinforcement is stopped

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Operant conditioning schedule of reinforcement

• Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
• Reinforcing a response only part of the time
• Results in slower acquisition of a response but
  much greater resistance to extinction than does
  continuous reinforcement
• Types of partial reinforcement
• Fixed-ratio schedules
• Variable-ratio schedules
• Fixed-interval schedules
• Variable-interval schedules

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Operant conditioning schedule of reinforcement

• Fixed Ratio Schedules reinforcement schedule
  that reinforces a response only after a specified
  number of responses
• Example for every ten slurpees that you
  purchase, the 11th is free

Free!!!
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Operant conditioning schedule of reinforcement

• Variable Ratio Schedules a reinforcement
  schedule that reinforces a response only after an
  unpredictable number of responses
• Example

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Operant conditioning schedule of reinforcement

• Fixed-Interval schedules a reinforcement
  schedule that reinforces a response only after a
  specified time has elapsed
• Example

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Operant conditioning schedule of reinforcement

• Variable Interval Schedules a response is
  rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time
  has passed.
• Example
• Boss dropping by to check on your progress
  throughout the day.

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