TRANSLATION

1
TRANSLATION BILINGUAL DICTIONARY ???????
2
Course Outline

• Objective and Requirements
• By both a systematic and theoretical study and
  sufficient translation practices, students should
  understand the essential translation theories and
  know well the differences between the general
  (literary) translation and the bilingual
  dictionary translation. They also have to master
  the basic principles and methods of the
  translation for bilingual dictionaries, so as to
  make highly concise, accurate and equivalent
  translations.

3
Course Outline

• Course Book(s)
• 1)Main textbooks
• Newmark, P. (1988)  A Textbook of Translation.
• ???????(???) ??? ??? ????? 1997

4
Course Outline

• 2)References
• Nida, E. A. (1982) The Theory and Practice of
  Translation.
• Mildred, L.L.(1998) Meaning-Based Translation A
  Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence.
• Snell-Hornby, Mary et al. (1987) Translation and
  Lexicography.
• Roger, T.B. (1991) Translation and Translating 
  Theory and Practice
• ?????? ?? ??? ????????? 2001
• ?????? ??? ?????????2003
• ?????????? (???)Sidney L Landau ?????2005

5
Course Outline

• Course Contents and Teaching Plan
• The present course consists of theories and
  practices of translation. The theories
• will be directed to an introduction to various
  Western and Chinese theories of translation,
  focusing on the studies of equivalence theory,
  and then to making a distinction between the
  general (literary) translation and the bilingual
  dictionary translation.

6
Course Outline

• The focal points are equivalence at word level,
  equivalence above word level, grammatical
  equivalence, and pragmatic equivalence, including
  the methods to settle the contradictions between
  content equivalence and form equivalence, and to
  transfer as much as possible the semantic
  features and cultural information in the
  translation of culture-bounded words.

7
Course Outline

• After each lecture, the students should do
  corresponding exercises of translation, upon
  which remarks will be made at the beginning of
  next lecture.
• Assessment Assignments 40
• Exam 60.

8
Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Analysis of a Text
• 3. The Process of Translation
• 4. Language Functions, Text-categories and
  Text-types
• 5. Translation Methods
• 6. Typology of Bilingual Dictionaries
• 7. Evolution of Bilingual Dictionaries
• 8. Words and Meaning
• 9. Macrostructure of Bilingual Dictionaries
• 10. Microstructure of Bilingual Dictionaries

9
Contents

• 11. Equivalence Theory in bilingual dictionaries
• 12. Equivalence at word level, equivalence above
  word level, grammatical equivalence, and
  pragmatic equivalence
• 13. Uses and Users
• 14. Bilingual Dictionary Criticism
• 16. Conclusion

10
Peter Newmark (?????)
11
1. Introduction

• The practice of translating is long established,
  but the discipline of translation studies is new.
• In academic circles, translation was previously
  relegated to just a language-learning activity.

12
1. Introduction

• What is translation?
• What is a bilingual dictionary?

13
1. Introduction

• What is translation?
• Why should we study translation theory?

14
1. Introduction

• The term translation has several meanings it can
  refer to the general subject field, the product
  (the text that has been translated) or the
  process (the act of producing the translation,
  otherwise known as translating).

15
1. Introduction

• What is translation studies?
• Through history, written and spoken translations
  have played a crucial role in interhuman
  communication, not least in providing access to
  important texts for scholarship and religious
  purposes.
• The study of translation as an academic subject
  has only really began in the past fifty years.

16
1. Introduction

• In the English-speaking world, this discipline is
  now generally known as translation studies.
• Translation studies has become more prominent
• There has been a proliferation of specialized
  translating and interpreting courses at both
  undergraduate and postgraduate level.

17
1. Introduction

• In the UK, the first specialized university
  postgraduate courses in interpreting and
  translating were set up in the 1960s.
• In the academic year 1999/2000, there were at
  least twenty postgraduate translation courses in
  the UK.
• Camindade and Pym (1995) list at least 250
  university-level bodies in over sixty countries
  offering four-year undergraduate degrees and/or
  postgraduate courses in translation.

18
1. Introduction
19
1. Introduction

• Translation is to render the meaning of a text
  into another language in the way that the author
  intended the text. (Peter Newmark)
• The translation cannot simply reproduce, or be,
  the original. The first business of the
  translator is to translate.

20
1. Introduction
21
2. How would you define translation?
22
Introduction

• There is a body of knowledge about translation
  which, if applied to solving translation
  problems, can contribute to a translators
  training.
• Everything without exception is translatable.
  There is no such a thing as a perfect, ideal or
  correct translation.

23
Introduction

• A translator works at four levels
• (1) Translation is first a science
• (2) Translation is a skill
• (3) Translation is an art
• (4) Translation is a matter of taste.

24
Introduction

• (1) Translation is first a science,
• because it entails the knowledge and verification
  of the facts and the language that describes them
  here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be
  identified

25
Introduction

• (2) Translation is a skill,
• for it calls for appropriate language and
  acceptable usage

26
Introduction

• (3) Translation is an art,
• for it distinguishes good from undistinguished
  translation

27
Introduction

• (4) Translation is a matter of taste, where
  argument ceases, preferences are expressed, and
  the variety of meritorious translations is the
  reflection of individual differences.

28
Introduction

• e.g.
• 1)A report should be summarized and submitted to
  the ITTF regarding the WTTC in order to compile a
  guideline for future WTTC (e.g. crowd control,
  time schedule, etc.)
• 2)It was agreed that tight control of people
  inside the playing arena was very important for
  the benefit of spectators and players. Moreover,
  media and press reporters should be controlled
  once inside the area.
• 3)A lot of spin is lost, but the control is good,
  according to tests with top and medium players.
• 4)Today, the situation is controllable at a high
  cost using Drager tubes and a bit tricky.

29
Introduction

• e.g.
• 1)A report should be summarized and submitted to
  the ITTF regarding the WTTC in order to compile a
  guideline for future WTTC (e.g. crowd control,
  time schedule, etc.)
• ITTF International Table Tennis Federation
• WTTC World Table Tennis Championship
• ?????????????????????????????????(??????????)?

30
Introduction

• 2)It was agreed that tight control of people
  inside the playing arena was very important for
  the benefit of spectators and players. Moreover,
  media and press reporters should be controlled
  once inside the area.
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ???????????

31
Introduction

• 3)A lot of spin is lost, but the control is good,
  according to tests with top and medium players.
• ??????????????,?????????,??????
• 4)Today, the situation is controllable at a high
  cost using Drager tubes and a bit tricky.
• ????????????????????,??Drager??,??????,?????????

32
Introduction

• e.g.
• 1)A report should be summarized and submitted to
  the ITTF regarding the WTTC in order to compile a
  guideline for future WTTC (e.g. crowd control,
  time schedule, etc.)
• ?????????????????????????????????(??????????)?
• ?????????????????????????????????(?????????????)?

33
Introduction

• 2)It was agreed that tight control of people
  inside the playing arena was very important for
  the benefit of spectators and players. Moreover,
  media and press reporters should be controlled
  once inside the area.
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ???????????
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ???????,??????????????

34
Introduction

• 3)A lot of spin is lost, but the control is good,
  according to tests with top and medium players.
• ??????????????,?????????,??????
• ??????????????,?????????,???????????

35
Introduction

• 4)Today, the situation is controllable at a high
  cost using Drager tubes and a bit tricky.
• ????????????????????,??Drager??,??????,?????????
• ??,?????????????,??Drager??????????????,?????????

36
Introduction

• He once again imparted to us his great knowledge,
  experience and wisdom.
• ?? A
• ??????????????????????
• ?? B
• ????????????????????????????

37
Introduction

• e.g.
• yet, as it sometimes happens that a person
  departs his life, who is really deserving of the
  praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones
  who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good
  child, a good wife or a good husband who
  actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn
  his loss (W.M. Thackeray Vanity
  Fair)

38
Introduction

• ??(1)
• ????????????????????????????????,???,???,???,???
  ,??????????????????

39
Introduction

• ??(2)
• ??????????????????????????????????,?????,?????,?
  ????,?????,??????????????????

40
Introduction

• Functions of translation
• (1) Translation is a means of communication
• (2) Translation is instrumental in transmitting
  culture
• (3) Translation is also a transmitter of the
  truth
• (4) Translation is a technique for learning
  foreign languages.

41
Introduction

• In a narrow sense, translation theory is
  concerned with the translation method
  appropriately used for a certain type of text.
• In a wide sense, translation theory is the body
  of knowledge that we have about translation.
• Translation theory is concerned with minute as
  well as generalities, and both may be equally
  important in the context.

42
Introduction

• ??????????(influential translation principles)
• ??(1854-1921)???--- faithfulness/expressiveness/e
  legance. The three character guide is regarded
  as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the
  professional level of translating.
• ??(1908-1966)??---spiritual conformity.
  Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the
  flavor of the original.?????????

43
Introduction

• ???(1910-1998)??---sublimed adaptation. Focus on
  the translators smooth and idiomatic Chinese
  version for the sake of the Chinese reader.
• ???(1914-2008)?????---faithfulness/expressiveness
  /closeness.

44
Introduction

• ?????????
• ???????---rather to be faithful than smooth?
  ????????????
• ????????????---rather to be smooth than faithful
  ??????,?????

45
Introduction

• ?????
• ??literal translation
• ??free translation
• Examples of literal translation
• crocodile tears ?????
• armed to the teeth ?????
• chain reaction ????
• gentlemens agreement ????
• one country, two systems ????
• The three religions and the nine schools of
  thought ????

46
Introduction

• ???????(dead translation)
• ?????????????.
• Women in the street should be called on to do
  some cleaning.
• In the street should be replaced by in the
  community.
• ??????,??,???????.
• She got up early, went to the town and saw her
  public father.
• Public father should be father-in-law.

47
Introduction

• Examples of free translation
• ????Little fish does not eat big fish
• ???????? ?????????
• ????????,??????
• ??Storms gather without warning in nature and
  bad luck befalls men overnight.
• ??The weather and human life are both
  unpredictable
• ???,?????????(translation is like dancing in
  fetters)????,?????,??????,??????????,????????????
  ??

48
Introduction

• What a translation theory does is
• (1) to identify and define a translation problem
• (2) to indicate all the factors that have to be
  taken into account in solving the problem
• (3) to list all the possible translation
  procedures
• (4) to recommend the most suitable translation
  procedure, plus the appropriate translation.

49
?????,??????
--??
A craftsman who wishes to practice his craft well
must first sharpen his tools.
--Confucius
50
There is not a cure-all dictionary and it is very
likely impossible to produce one, even by adding
and improving dictionary examples.
(Snell-Hornby 1989229)
51
1. Classification of dictionaries
Purposes
General-purpose dictionaries
Specialized dictionaries
Targeted Readers
Dictionaries for native speakers
Foreign learners dictionaries
Language Number
Monolingual dictionaries
Bilingual and bilingualized
Multilingual dictionaries
52
1. Classification of dictionaries
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries for
native speakers
1.2 Specialized dictionaries
1.3 English dictionaries for foreign learners
1.4 Bilingual and bilingualized dictionaries
53
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries
for native speakers
1.1.1 Characteristics
Contain a wide range of words in the language.
Provide relatively full information about
each headword.
54
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries for
native speakers
1.1.2 Types
Big unabridged dictionaries
Pocket dictionaries
Desk dictionaries
Free online dictionaries
55
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries for
native speakers
Big Dictionaries
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) ?????? The
biggest dictionary with 20 volumes, 21,728 pages
and 500,000 entries.
??
56
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries for
native speakers
??
Pocket Dictionaries
The Little Oxford Dictionary (LOD) ???????
51,000 entries
57
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries for
native speakers
Desk Dictionaries
The Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD9) ????????(?9?)

125,000-200,000 entry words and phrases
58
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries for
native speakers
Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary ?-????????
Websters New World College Dictionary ???????????
59
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries for
native speakers
Free Online Dictionaries
www.onelook.com Merriam-Websters Online
Dictionary (10th Edition) The American Heritage
Dictionary (3rd Edition, 1996) Encarta World
English Dictionary Cambridge Advanced Learners
Dictionary (2nd Edition, 2003) Cambridge
Dictionary of American English (2000)
60
1.1 General-purpose English dictionaries for
native speakers
Big unabridged dictionaries are too expensive and
contain too much information for ordinary
learners.Pocket dictionaries usually dont
provide examples and are targeted at school
children. Desk dictionaries are of greater appeal
to the general public.
61
1.2 Specialized dictionaries
Types
Contains only a certain variety of words,
for example, technical terms, abbreviations,
dialect words, slang, idioms, place names, or
personal names.
Only provides information about a certain aspect
of the headword, for example, its pronunciation,
etymology synonyms, or collocations.
62
1.2 Specialized dictionaries
Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of
English ??????????
63
1.3 English dictionaries for foreign learners
Whats the difference between a native language
dictionary and a learners dictionary?
??
??
Bigsmall
64
1.3 English dictionaries for foreign
learners
Example
Learners dictionary
Native language dictionary
n. 1 a an umbelliferous plant, Daucus carota,
with a tapering orange-coloured root. b this root
as a vegetable. --The Concise Oxford Dictionary
(COD9)
noun 1 U, C a long pointed orange root
vegetable. --Oxford Advanced Learners
Dictionary (OALD6)
65
1.3 English dictionaries for foreign learners
About learners dictionaries
To make monolingual English dictionaries easily
accessible to foreign learners. The first English
learners dictionary The New Method English
Dictionary was made by Michael West in
1935. Today most learners dictionaries adopt a
controlled defining vocabulary of 2-3000 words.
66
1.3 English dictionaries for foreign learners
A list of learners dictionaries
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (6th
edition, 2000, OALD6 ) Collins COBUILD English
Dictionary for Advanced Learners (3rd edition,
2001, COBUILD3) Macmillan English Dictionary for
Advanced Learners (2002, MED) Longman Dictionary
of Contemporary English (4th edition, 2003,
LDOCE4) Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary
(2nd edition, 2003, CALD2)
67
1.3 English dictionaries for foreign learners
Features of learners dictionaries
1.3.1 Detailed grammatical information 1.3.2
Attention to collocation 1.3.3 Rich
examples 1.3.4 Information about word
frequencies 1.3.5 Explanatory notes
68
  1.3.1 Detailed grammatical information
Lets take suggest as an example!
69
  1.3.1 Detailed grammatical information
suggest v.tr. 1 (often foll. by that
clause) propose (a theory, plan, or hypothesis)
(suggested to them that they should wait
suggested a different plan).
--The Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD9)
70
  1.3.1 Detailed grammatical information
suggest verb 1 sth (to sb) to put forward
an idea or a plan for other people to think about
SYN PROPOSE VN May I suggest a white wine with
this dish, Sir? ? A solution immediately
suggested itself to me ( I immediately thought
of a solution). ? V (that) I suggest (that) we
go out to eat. ? V-ing I suggested going in my
car. ? VN that It has been suggested that
bright children take their exams early. ? (BrE
also) It has been suggested that bright children
should take their exams early.
HELP
You cannot suggest somebody somethingCan you
suggest me a good dictionary?
--Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (OALD6)
71
  1.3.1 Detailed grammatical information
Suggest can be followed by
1. a noun phrase, 2. a noun phrase plus a
prepositional phrase to somebody (not suggest
somebody something), 3. a that clause (with
that being optional), 4. the ing form of a
verb phrase 5. and that in a construction like
It has been suggested that ... the word
that is obligatory 6. and that in British
English there may be the modal auxiliary
should in the verb phrase of the that clause,
otherwise the verb is in its base form.
72
1.3.2 Attention to collocation
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
(LDOCE4 2003)
 wind1 1 strong/high winds The forecast is
for strong winds and heavy rain. gale/hurricane
force winds The light wind ruffled the
water.  rain1 1 heavy/torrential/pouring rain
(a lot of rain) There will be heavy rain in most
parts of the country. The light rain had
stopped.
73
1.3.2 Attention to collocation
Knowledge (LDOCE4)
have knowledge acquire/gain knowledge ( learn
something) technical/scientific knowledge
in-depth knowledge detailed knowledge
specialist knowledge ( knowledge about a
particular subject) first-hand/personal
knowledge (knowledge from experiencing something
for yourself) ...
You need specialist knowledge to do this job.
of His knowledge of ancient civilization is
unrivalled. about the need to increase
knowledge about birth control Many of the
students did not have much knowledge of American
history. salesmen with good technical knowledge
of what they are selling ...
74
1.3.3 Rich examples
LDOCE4 contains the largest number of
examples155,000 in all. On its CD-ROM there are
80,000 additional examples plus over a million
corpus sentences.
75
1.3.4 Information about word frequencies
LDOCE4 marks the first 3000 most frequently used
words in speech and writing in the form of
S1
S2
S3
W1
W2
W3
76
1.3.4 Information about word frequencies
In Macmillan English Dictionary there are also
three frequency bands, but they cover about 7,300
words   ??? 2300 very high frequency words ??
2360 high frequency words ? 2640 quite high
frequency words.
77
1.3.4 Information about word frequencies
COBUILD3 distinguishes five frequency bands
totaling 14,600 words   ????? 680 words ?????
1040 words ????? 1580 words ????? 3200
words ????? 8100 words
78
1.3.4 Information about word frequencies
How many English words do you have?
3000 talk about a wide range of everyday topics and read simplified English books
7000 have a basic working knowledge of English
14000 as proficient as a good English-major graduate
79
1.3.5 Explanatory notes
LDOCE4
WORD CHOICE call, phone, telephone, ring In
spoken English, it is usual to say that you call
or phone someone He calls me almost every day.
Phone me when you get there. In spoken British
English, it is also very usual to say that you
ring someone Have you rung Kim yet? It is fairly
formal and not very usual in spoken English to
say that you telephone someone. ...
80
1.3.5 Explanatory notes
LDOCE4
WORD FOCUS words meaning CHEAP reasonable not
too expensive economical used about cars,
systems, or methods that do not cost a lot of
money to use be good value to be well worth the
price you pay be a bargain to be very cheap
81
1.3.5 Explanatory notes
LDOCE4
GRAMMAR (just) in case in case is followed by the
simple present, the simple past, or should
Write it down in case you forget (NOT in case you
will forget). I had a snack, just in case there
was no time (NOT in case there would be no time)
to eat later. Heres a contact number, in case
there should (NOT will/would) be a problem.
82
1.4 Bilingual and bilingualized dictionaries
Whats the difference between bilingual
dictionaries and bilingualized dictionaries?
A bilingual dictionary is one in which the headwords are in one language and the definitions in another language.
Bilingualized dictionaries are native language dictionaries with foreign language translation.
83
1.4 Bilingual and bilingualized dictionaries
Bilingual dictionaries
?????(A New English-Chinese Dictionary, 2000)
84
1.4 Bilingual and bilingualized dictionaries
Bilingual dictionaries
????????(A New Century Chinese-English
Dictionary, 2003)
85
1.4 Bilingual and bilingualized dictionaries
Bilingualized dictionaries
Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese
Dictionary ??????????, 1997
86
2.4 Bilingual and bilingualized dictionaries
Bilingualized dictionaries
??????????
87
3.1 What is a bilingual dictionary

• A bilingual dictionary is a dictionary that is
  used to translate words or phrases from one
  language to another.
• Bilingual dictionaries are sometimes used to
  understand texts read, often, in a foreign
  language.
• Bilingual dictionaries can be unidirectional,
  meaning that they list the meanings of words of
  one language in another, or can be bidirectional,
  allowing translation to and from both languages.

88
3.1 What is a bilingual dictionary

• Bidirectional bilingual dictionaries usually
  consist of two section, each listing words and
  phrases of one language alphabetically with their
  translation.
• Other features sometimes present in bilingual
  dictionaries are definitions, lists of phrases,
  usage and style guides, verb tables and maps.

89
3.2 Functions of bilingual dictionaries

• To help readers translate texts from one language
  into another
• To help users understand foreign-language texts

90
3.2 Functions of bilingual dictionaries

• The most difficult aspect of creating a bilingual
  dictionary is the fact that lexemes or words
  cover more than one area of meaning, but these
  multiple meanings don't correspond to a single
  word in the target language.
• For example, in English, a ticket can get you
  into the movie theater, or can be given to you by
  a police officer for exceeding the posted speed
  limit. In Chinese, these two meanings are not
  covered by one word as in English.

91
4.1 Which subject does a bilingual
lexicography belong to

• ????(??)????????(??)???,??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????,?????????????????????,
  ???????,??????????????
• --- ????????????

92

• It is traditional to start with definitions, and
  this is particularly appropriate in the
  circumstances, since the main object of
  lexicography is to define words and terms.
• --- Henri Béjoint

93
2. The Analysis of a Text

• (1) Reading the Text
• Two purposes to read the original to understand
  what is about and to analyze it from a
  translators point of view.

94
2. The Analysis of a Text

• What is the difference between the translators
  point of view and that of a linguists or a
  literary critics point of view?

95
2. The Analysis of a Text

• As a translator, you have to determine
• 1) the intention of the text
• 2) the way the text is written (text styles)
• 3) choosing suitable translation methods
• 4) identifying particular and recurrent problems

96
The Analysis of a Text

• Understanding the text requires both general and
  close reading.
• General reading is to get the gist, to understand
  the subject and the concepts.
• For the translator, the function precedes the
  description

97
The Analysis of a Text

• mastiff

98
The Analysis of a Text

• And close reading is to look up the words both
  out of and in context.

99
The Analysis of a Text

• It seems to me what is sauce for the goose is
  sauce for the gander(??).

A??????????,???????????
B??????????
100
The Analysis of a Text

• e.g.
• I wont do it to save my life.

?????????????
??????
101
The Analysis of a Text
102
The Analysis of a Text

• Theory is something, but practice is everything.

??????,??????
103
The Analysis of a Text

• ?????

be very amiable to people
be very amiable to others
104
The Analysis of a Text

• When she and he met again, each had been married
  to another.

???????,?????????????
???????,??????,?????????
105
The Analysis of a Text

• I have read your articles. I expected to meet an
  older man.

????????????????????
??????????????????
106
The Analysis of a Text
107
The Analysis of a Text

• 1) determine the word in context (used literally,
  figuratively,technically or colloquially)
• 2) neologisms
• 3) figures and measures
• 4) names of people and places
• 5) acronyms

108
The Analysis of a Text

• Well, look at the facts. The police have your
  passport and will be searching for you Stefan
  and Otto will be looking for you youll be
  wanted for burglary not to mention kidnapping
  and have you noticed the interesting passengers
  weve acquired?

109
The Analysis of a Text

• ??,?????????????????????,??????????,???????????
  ???????????,????????????????

interesting which takes (and keeps) ones
interest ??? ????? ???