Core Concepts:

1
Teacher Note Module 1
Overview Content Area Descriptive
epidemiology, Surveillance, and
Hypothesis-Generation Esse
ntial Questions How is the health or disease
outcome distributed in terms of person, place,
and time? What are some possible explanations
for this distribution? Enduring
Understanding Health and disease are not
distributed haphazardly in a population. There
are patterns to their occurrence that can be
identified through surveillance. Analysis of the
patterns of health and disease distribution can
provide clues
for formulating hypotheses about possible causes.

• Core Concepts
• CDC
• Ethics
• Hypothesis
• Human subjects
• Prevalence rate
• Person, place, and time
• Surveillance
• Survey questions

Lessons 1-1 Introduction to Curriculum 1-2
Surveillance 1-3 Patterns and Hypotheses 1-4
Describing Health-Related Behaviors in Youth 1-5
Creating a Surveillance Question 1-6 Respect
Part I 1-7 Surveillance Studies In Class 1-8
Surveillance Studies In School
New Lesson 1-2 Surveillance Revised Oct 22,
2011
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Teacher Note Enduring Epidemiological
Understandings for the Epidemiology and the
Energy Balance Equation Curriculum  

•  
• Health and disease are not distributed
  haphazardly in a population. There are patterns
  to their occurrence that can be identified
  through surveillance. Analysis of the patterns
  of health and disease distribution can provide
  clues for formulating hypotheses about their
  possible causes.
• Causal hypotheses can be tested by conducting
  investigations of the exposures and outcomes of
  selected groups of people as they go about their
  lives. Information from these observational
  studies can be used to determine if an exposure
  and an outcome are associated. Because
  observational studies are complicated by factors
  not controlled by the observer, other
  explanations also must be considered.

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Teacher Note Authentic Assessment for Module 1
of the Epidemiology and the Energy Balance
Equation Curriculum
Students will conduct and interpret a descriptive
epidemiological survey among students in their
class and again among students outside their
class. Working in teams, students will have the
opportunity to demonstrate their abilities to
request informed consent, ask questions about a
health-related behavior, accurately record
responses, calculate prevalence of the behavior,
make accurate statements about the prevalence of
the behavior among their classmates, look for
patterns, and formulate hypotheses based on the
patterns they observe. Deliverables will include
either written reports or presentations about the
surveys. Specific performance criteria will be
used to help ensure that the experiences allow a
genuine, realistic, and fair assessment of
students comprehension of the Module 1 Enduring
Epidemiological Understanding.
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Start of Lesson 1-2 (estimate 1 class period)
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Review

• Big Ideas in Lesson 1-1
• Epidemiology is the study of
  populations in order to determine
  the patterns and causes of health
  and illness, and to be able to apply the learned
  information to the control of health problems
  Working definition for this class

• Students will learn about the science of
  epidemiology, using examples from the
  epidemiology of the energy balance equation
  (dietary- and exercise-related health behaviors
  and effects) to understand the concepts and
  methods of this public health science
• Students will have authentic epidemiology
  experiences by doing epidemiology within their
  school setting

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Disease Detectives and the Energy Balance Equation
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Review Definition of the Science of Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of populations in
order to determine the patterns and causes of
health and illness, and to be able to apply the
learned information to the control of health
problems.
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Welcome to Module 1
Patterns
Population patterns in health illness and
related behaviors
Module 1
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY
Studies of health-related exposures and outcomes
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Module 1 Enduring Understanding

•  
• Health and disease are not distributed
  haphazardly in a population. There are patterns
  to their occurrence that can be identified
  through surveillance. Analysis of the patterns
  of health and disease distribution can provide
  clues for formulating hypotheses about their
  possible causes.
• Kid-Friendly Translation Who gets sick, and who
  does not, is not due to chance. There are
  interesting patterns to who gets sick and who
  does not. Surveillance studies examine these
  patterns. Sometimes the results of surveillance
  provide clues about why some people get sick and
  others do not.

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What is Surveillance?
The close and continuous observation
of one or more persons
for
the purpose of direction, supervision, or control
Websters Third International Dictionary
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Purpose?
The close and continuous observation of one or
more persons for the purpose of
direction, supervision, or control
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Purpose?
The close and continuous observation of one or
more persons for the purpose of
direction, supervision, or control
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Purpose?
The close and continuous observation of one or
more persons for the purpose of
direction, supervision, or control
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Purpose?
The close and continuous observation of one or
more persons for the purpose of
direction, supervision, or control
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Purpose?
The close and continuous observation of one or
more persons for the purpose of
direction, supervision, or control
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Purpose?
The close and continuous observation of one or
more persons for the purpose of
direction, supervision, or control
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What Surveillance Means in Epidemiology Public
Health
a tool for descriptive epidemiology,
to obtain information about
patterns in health-related events
and behaviors
Public Health Surveillance
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Comparing Definitions of Surveillance
The close and continuous observation of one or
more persons
for the purpose of
direction, supervision, or control
Surveillance (Websters Third International
Dictionary

• The planned and continuous collection of
  health-related data on
  populations
• needs to be communicated to
  those with a need to know
• - the information may lead to
  actions to control or
  prevent a health problem

Public Health Surveillance

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Public Health Surveillance in the United States
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Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
On an average school day, how many hours do you
watch TV?
On an average school day, how many hours do you
play video or computer games?
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Why Conduct Surveillance of Behaviors in Youth?
YRBSS Rationale

• Regular physical activity among young people has
  many health advantages.

• The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
  recommends that youth engage in
  at least 60
  minutes of physical activity
  on most or all days.
• Television (TV) viewing, computer usage, and
  video/DVD usage are all considered sedentary
  behavior.

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Behaviors that Increase Risk

1. Behaviors that contribute to unintentional
   injuries and violence
2. Tobacco use
3. Alcohol and other drug use
4. Sexual behaviors contributing to unintended
   pregnancy and STDs
5. Unhealthy dietary behaviors
6. Physical inactivity

Death, Illness, and Social Problems
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Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

• YRBSS data have a variety of uses at the
  national, state, and local levels
• Describe risk behaviors
• Create/increase awareness
• Set goals for programs
• Develop programs and policies
• Support health-related legislation
• Seek funding for research

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Examples of Scope of Surveillance
Global Surveillance Cancer in Five
Continents (International Association for Cancer
Registries) HIV/AIDS (World Health Organization -
WHO) Global Foodborne Infections Network (WHO)
Global school-based student health survey
(WHO) Global Malaria Programme
(WHO) Global Influenza Programme (WHO)
US Surveillance Drug Use Surveys Risk Factors in
Adults and Youth (BRFSS and YRBSS) Surveillance
of Many Communicable Diseases (CDC and State and
Local Health Departments) Birth Defects
Registries State Cancer Registries World Trade
Center Registry Birth Certificates Death
Certificates (National Death Index) Hospital
Billing Databases
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Re-Cap

• Big Ideas in Lesson 1-2
• Surveillance is a tool used in descriptive
  epidemiology

• Surveillance is the systematic, ongoing
  collection, and analysis of data and the timely
  communication of the information to those who
  need to know so that action can be taken
• The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
  (YRBSS) is an important surveillance mechanism
  for monitoring patterns in US youth
• The rationale for the YRBSS is that there are
  several kinds of health behaviors that increase
  health risks to youth, and that these should be
  monitored

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Exploring the Internet for Surveillance Systems
OPTIONAL additional class

• Easy Access to CDC
• www.cdc.gov
• A-Z list
• Choose topic (Data and Statistics)
• Click on Surveys

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