Title: Metabolism of Carbohydrates
1??? ????????
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(????????) ????------????
????
????
????------???? (?????????)
????????
2 ??????????????????????????????,???????????
???????? ??????????????,????????(????????
??)????(???)????????????(???)?????????????????????
??????
3? ? ?
? ? ?
- Metabolism of Carbohydrates
4????
?(carbohydrates)?????????,????????????????????????
??????????,????????????
?? (monosacchride) ?? (oligosacchride) ??
(polysacchride) ??? (glycoconjugate)
5? ? ? ? ?
Introduction
61. ????(????) 2. ????????????? 3.
????????????? 4. ???????????? 5. ?????????????
7?????????
(?)????
???????????????????????????????????,????????
???? ?????,?????
8????
??
??
????a-???
?
??
????a-???
a-???????? (30) (5)
??????? (40) (25)
??????????
a-?????
a-?????
???
9(?)????
103. ????
???
????
??????
???
??
K
K
ATP
ADPPi
Na
Na
Na
G
G
G
Na????????? (Na-dependent glucose transporter,
SGLT)
11??
H2O?CO2
?? NADPHH
???
???
??
?????????
??
12? ? ??????? Glycolysis
13- ???(glycolysis)??????,?????????????????
- ?????????????? 1???? ? ???(?????) 2???? ? ??
??????????????????? - ???????? 1????????????? 2????????
14(?)?????????
? ???????6-?????
???
15???????????4????????,???????????????????,???????(g
lucokinase)?????? ??????????? ??????
16? 6-???????? 6-????
17? 6-???????1,6-?????
???
18? ???????2??????
19? ??????????
??????? (phosphotriose isomerase)
20? 3-????????1,3-??????
3-???????? (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase)
21? 1,3-?????????3-?????
- ? ?????????????????????,?????,?ADP(????????)????
?ATP(????????)???,??????????
22? 3-????????2-?????
???????? (phosphoglycerate mutase)
23? 2-????????????????
24? ??????????????, ????????????ATP
???
25???
??
????NADHH ??????6????? 3-??????????
26E1
E2
????????
E3
27?????
- ? ??????
- ? ??????????????
- ? ???????????????
28- ? ????????
- ?????????
- ???ATP??
- ?G?? 22-2 2ATP
- ?Gn?? 22-1 3ATP
- ? ????????
- ????,???????????
- ????
- ????(???)
29???
????
30 ????
?????AMP ADP F-1,6-2P F-2,6-2P
????? ??? ATP(???)
31F-6-P
??????
PKA
ATP
PFK-1
ADP
F-1,6-2P
? ?
32(?)?????
1. ????
?????1,6-?????
?????ATP, ???
332. ??????
??????
Pi
?????
?????
(???)
(???)
ATP
ADP
PKA????A (protein kinase A)
CaM????
34 6-??????????????,?????????????
?????CoA???????????
351. ??????????????????
2. ??????????????????????
? ???????,????
? ???????,?????????
36? ? ??????? Aerobic Oxidation of Carbohydrate
37 ??
??????(aerobic oxidation)???????,????????H2O?CO2,?
???????????????????
????????
38G(Gn)
??
????????
???
????????????
??CoA
?????????
???
??????
TAC??
O
H2O
ATP
ADP
39????????,???????CoA (acetyl CoA)?
????
40????????????
? E1?????? E2?????????? E3??
???????
41????????????????
1. ??????????-TPP? 2. ???????????(E2)??????????
-E2? 3. ??????????(E2)??????CoA,
???????????????2???? 4. ?????????(E3)????????????,
???????FAD? 5. ??????????(E3)???,?FADH2??H???NAD,
??NADHH?
421. ?-???-TPP???
CO2
2.?????????
NADHH
5. NADHH???
NAD
CoASH
3.??CoA???
4. ???????
? ?
43(?)?????
- ?????(Tricarboxylic acid Cycle,
TAC)????????,???CoA??????????????????,????????,???
????,?????????????Krebs?????????????,???????Krebs?
??
????
??????????????
44 1??????????? (1)??????
???????? (2)?????????? (3)???????(????? a-????)
?????????? ??? NAD
(4)???????(a-????????CoA)
???a-?????????? ??? NAD
45(5)???????(???CoA ????)
????????????????????,??1??ATP ? (GTPADP ?
GDPATP) (6)???????????
????????????,????????????????? ???FAD
(7)??????????? (8)???????????
???????????? ???NAD
46??????????CH3COSCoA3NADFADGDPPi2H2O? 2C
O23NADH3HFADH2HSCoAGTP
???NADH?FADH2????????????????H2O???ATP?
47?
?
NADHH
?
NAD
??????
?
??????
????????
?a-??????????
NAD
????CoA???
???????
NADHH
?
??????
?
???????
FADH2
NAD
?
FAD
GDPPi
?
NADHH
GTP
?
? ?
48? ?
- ? ???????????CoA??????????????????,????????,?????
??,??????????? - ? TAC????????????
- ? ???????????????
49- ?????????
- ?????????,
- ???????CoA,
- ??4???(??3??NAD??,1??FAD??)?2???(??CO2)?1????????
? - ?????????
- a-??????????
- ???????
- ? ?????????????????,????????
502. ??????????
- ????????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????ATP??NADH H ?FADH2?
51NADH H ?FADH2???????????H2O ???ADP?????ATP? ???
?? ??????????? ?????????????ADP?????ATP
???,??????????????????(??ATP?????)
52??????????ATP
?????????ATP????????,??????
53?????????
- ??????????????????????????,???????????????,???????
ATP,???????????
???,???
54? ????????
????? 6-??????-1
???
? ?????????????????
? ??????????
a-?????????? ???????
551. ?????????
? ????
56? ??????
? ?
572. ???????? ? ??????? ? Ca2????? ?
???????????
58???
?????
???? ???
Ca2
a-???? ??????
59?????????
- ? ????????????????????
- ? ????????ATP/ADP?ATP/AMP??NADH/NAD?????,
ATP/ADP?ATP/AMP??NADH/NAD?????????????,????? - ? ?????????????????????,?????????
- ? ????????????????????????
60 ??
?????(Pastuer effect)??????????????
61? ? ? ??????Pentose Phosphate Pathway
62 ??
???????????????????NADPHH,?????????3-??????6-???
???????
63?????????????
????? ?
???????????
- ????????
- ??????,NADPHH?CO2
64???
1. ??????
6-????????
6-?????????
65NADP
NADPHH
NADP
NADPHH
5-????
G-6-P
CO2
- ??????????6-???????????????????
- ??????????NADP????NADPH H?
- ??????????????????????
662. ??????
- ???????????,??????3-??????6-?????????????,????????
??????(pentose phosphate shunt)?
675-?????(C5) 3
5-???? C5
68??????
????
????
69????
36-????? 6 NADP
26-????3-?????6NADPHH3CO2
70 6-???????????????????,????????6-???????????????
??
6-??????????????NADPH/NADP?????,??????????????
,?????????NADPH???????????
???????????????NADPH????
71(?)????????????
(?)??NADPH?????????????
1. NADPH?????????????
2. NADPH?????????,????????????
3. NADPH???GSH?????
72 A AH2
2G-SH G-S-S-G
NADP NADPHH
73? ? ? ???????? Glycogenesis and
Glycogenolysis
74? ? (glycogen)
?????????????,??????????????
751. ??????a-1,4-???????? 2. ???????a-1,6-??????????
,?????,??????,???????????????
? ?
76(?)??
?????(glycogenesis) ?????????????
(?)????
???????????? ??????
77(?)????????
Gn G ? G-6-P ? G-1-P ?
UDPG Gn1
??????? ??????UDPG ,
?????????
?????2??ATP
781. ????????6-?????
???
6-?????
2. 6-????????1-?????
793. 1- ????????????????
UDPG????????,???????????
80????
814. a-1,4-??????
??n ??????????????,??????(primer), ??UDPG
??????????
82(?)???????
? ?
83????
????????????????????????
???????????????????glycogenin?????Glycogenin??????
?????,?UDP-??????C1??????????????,????????????????
????????????????
84 ??
???? (glycogenolysis )??????????????????
?????? ?
??????
1. ??????
???
85???????? ????-1,6-???
2. ??????
?????
? ?
863. 1-????????6-?????
4. 6-????????????
87 ??????
- ?????????????????????,????6-???????,?????????????-
6-???,?????6-?????????????????,????,??????????????
? - ?????????????????
88? ?
? ??????
? G-6-P?????
G(????)
F-6-P (??????)
6-??????? (????????)
G-6-P
G-1-P
UDPG
Gn(????)
????? (?????????)
89????????
90??????????? ??????????????????????
????????(?)????????,???????????????????????
911. ??????
????b??
-
????
????-P
????b
????a-P
-
-
?????????
922. ????
?????????????????????????
??????,????????,?????a???????,??????,????????14
????,??????????-1????????????????b,???????????
?????????????????????????,??????????
??????(????)?
933.??????????????????????
????????????????????,?????????????
?????????????????????AMP?ATP?6-??????
94?????(glycogen storage diseases)?????????,????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
95???????
?? ???? ???? ????
? ???-6-????? ??? ??
? ???a1?4?1?6????? ???? ??
? ????? ???? ???,?????
? ????? ???? ???,???????
? ??????? ?? ??
? ??????? ? ??
? ?????????????? ?????? ??
? ?????????? ??? ??
96- ? ? ?
-
- ? ? ?
- Gluconeogenesis
97 ??
???(gluconeogenesis)?????????????????????
??
???????????????
??
???????????????
98 ??
?????(gluconeogenic pathway)??????????????????
??
- ??????3???????????????????,????????????
99- ??????????????(PEP)
-
----???????
????
???
PEP
? ??????(pyruvate carboxylase),??????(??????)
? ???????????(?????????)
100? ?
101? ??????????
102??
???
???
103???????NADHH???
??????,1,3-????????3-??????,??NADHH?
104? ?????????????, NADH H ??????NADHH??,????????
ß-????????,NADHH?????????????????????
1052. 1,6-????? ??? 6-????
3. 6-???????????
???????????????????????????????? ????-6-???
106? ?
107???????????????????,?????????????(substrate
cycle)?
1081. 6-?????1,6-???????
6-????
Pi
ATP
6-??????-1
???? ??-1
ADP
1,6-?????
1092. ??????????????
PEP
ADP
?????
????
ATP
? ? ?
? ? CoA
110(?)????????
(?)?????
???? ????,????????????????????????????,??????????
?????
(?)??????(??????)
111- ??????(lactose cycle)
- (Cori ??)
? ????
???
???
???
???
???
??
??
??
??
112? ????????????
2???????1??????6??ATP?
? ????
? ?????,?????????
? ?????????????
113? ? ? ??????Blood Glucose and The Regulation
of Blood Glucose Concentration
114??????????
??,?????????
????,?????? ?????? 3.896.11mmol/L
115???????????
?????????????,??????????????????
- ?????????,??????????????
- ????????,?????????
- ???????????,??????????
116 ?????????
??
117 ?????????
118(?) ???
?????????????
????????
? ???????????
? ??????,??????
? ????????
? ???????
? ???????
119(?)?????
?????????????
??????????
? ???????,??????
? ??????,?????
? ???????
??,????????????????,?????????????????
120(?)?????
??????,?????
- ????????????????
- ? ?????????,??????????????????
- ? ??????????????,?????????????
??,?????????,????????????????????,?????????????
?
121(?)????
???????????
?????????
?????????????cAMP?????????????,???????????????????
???
122????????????????????,????????????,????????????????
??
?????(glucose tolerence)?????
???????????????????????
123?????(glucose tolerance test, GTT)
???????????????????
??????????
?????????????????,??????100g???,????1/2?1?2h(?????
3h)???????????????????(????0h),????????,????????
124?????
??????1/21h????,??????, ??2h????????
??????????????,???????????,2h????????
125(?)???????
1. ???(hyperglycemia)???
????????????7.227.78 mmol/L??????
2. ??????
???????8.8910.00mmol/L?,????????????,????????????
???????
126- ?????????,???????(diabetes mellitus, DM)?
??(??????) ??(???????)
????????
b. ?????????,????????????????????????
c. ???????????????????
127(?)???
1. ???(hypoglycemia)???
????????3.333.89mmol/L???????
2. ??????
??????,?????????,???? ?????????????,???????,??????
??
1283. ??????
- ? ??(??ß-?????????a-???????)
- ? ??(?????????)
- ? ?????(?????????????????)
- ? ??(???)
- ? ???????
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