Section III: Islamic Rulers in India (Pages 186-189)

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Section III Islamic Rulers in India(Pages
186-189)

• This section is about
• Muslims who invaded India.
• Invaders such as Tamerlane who pillaged the area
  and left.
• Other invaders, like the Delhi sultanate and
  Babur, who settled in India and improved
  conditions there.
• The co-existence of Hinduism and Islam in India.

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• There were a lot of people fighting for control
  of India from 550-1150 AD.

• No one really ever could make India 1 big empire
  (it had a lot of small little kingdoms).
• There were always new people coming in and trying
  to control the people.

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One of the Islamic invaders of India was Mahmud
of Ghazni

• He invaded India 17 times (took Hindu art,
  jewels, gold, silver, and slaves (and even the
  gates of the town).
• Most invaders would do the same go in, take
  Indias wealth, and go back home.
• But in 1186, Qutb ud-Aibak started an Islamic
  state in northern India.
• His kingdom was called a sultanate (government
  headed by a sultan).
• This was the beginning of an Islamic presence in
  India.

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The Delhi sultanate became a center of Islam
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• One of Qutb ud-Aibaks first acts was to destroy
  the Hindu temples.
• He then tried to force the Hindus to convert to
  Islam.
• If they didnt they had to pay extra taxes or
  were put in jail.
• They were very wealthy and built great palaces,
  mosques, hospitals, schools, and irrigation
  systems.
• While Qutb ud-Aibak was in charge, northern India
  was peaceful and prosperous.

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But Muslims and Hindus didnt get along too well.

• Their beliefs were so different, their cultures
  didnt blend together too well.
• For example music is important to Hindu
  ceremonies, but Muslims condemned music and dance
  in religious ceremonies.
• The only thing that blended was a Hindu and
  Muslim language, with Arabic letters (Urdu)

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But Delhi's sultanate was destroyed by Timer
Lenk (Tamerlane) a Mongol

• Tamerlane invaded Delhi, then the rest of the
  area, leaving death and destruction behind.
• It took Delhi more than 100 years to recover.
• Tamerlane didnt stay long he went off to
  attack others.
• He tried to control all the Middle East and Asia.
• If someone opposed his rule, he had them
  destroyed, and would sometimes build towers out
  of their skulls (next).
• In 1405, on his way to invade China, he died.

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Delhi never recovered from Timerlanes attacks.

• In 1526, an Islamic Chief asked Babur
  (Tamerlane's descendant) to put down a Hindu
  rebellion.
• Babur did, but also took over the Islamic Chiefs
  empire.
• His new empire was called the Mughals (Islamic
  for Mongols).
• By the time he died, he controlled much of India
  and what is now Bangladesh.
• He also used weapons that had a new chemical

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• So the Mughals are sometimes
• called the first gunpowder empire)

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Baburs grandson (Akbar) took overHe was only 13
but is considered the greatest Mughal ruler

• He felt it was impossible to keep his empire
  united if all people were forced to be Muslims,
  so people had religious freedom.
• He even married a Hindu princess and gave
  important government jobs to Hindus.
• He did away with the youre not a Muslim tax.
• He had great military victories, improved trade,
  made government more efficient, advanced the arts
  and helped the empire survive for another 150
  years.
• Akbars son then ruled for 22 years, and then his
  grandson (Shah Jahan - 30 more). He also built

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The Taj Mahal
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Mumtaz Mahal

• She was the very lady to whom Taj Mahal is
  dedicated.
• The most loved wife of Shah Jahan died after
  delivering her 14th child.
• It is said that Mumtaz Mahal on her deathbed
  asked Shah Jahan to create a symbol of their love
  and her loyal husband accepted it immediately.
• But many historians do not agree with this story
  claiming that it was the grief-stricken emperor
  himself who decided to build the most memorable
  symbol of love in the world.
• It took him 22 years and most of his royal
  treasury to built a monument befitting the memory
  of his beloved

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The Gardens
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Inside
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The actual tombs

• The actual tombs of the Shah and his wife rest
  within the Taj itself. No shoes are allowed so
  all visitors must take them off and pay a small
  fee to workers to watch them before they enter.
  Socks are recommended because the heat of the
  Indian sun makes the marble feel hotter than a
  frying pan!

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The Taj Mahal
10 Facts about the Taj Mahal
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One person who combined Hindus and Muslims was
Guru Nanak

• He believed all people were brothers and sisters.
  He condemned all forms of inequality (remember
  Indias caste system?).
• Guru Nanak asked his followers Sikhs (means
  disciples / followers) to find the truth within
  themselves.
• At first, everything was peaceful, but later
  Mughal rulers began to torture and kill Sikhs.
• Sikhs became more militant (willing to fight) and
  took the name Singh (means lion)

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• There are three Sikh actions to
  understanding God
• Meditating on Gods name
• Giving charity
• Bathing

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The Mughal empire eventually declined

• Akbars successors didnt understand how it
  helped to have Hindus and Muslims get along.
• One ruler after Shah Jahan even required all
  people to be Muslims (that didnt work).
• They built to big of an empire (too hard to
  control).
• European countries began to come to India to
  trade and eventually began to get more and more
  power.

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Its time to look at the two different sides of
the CrusadesWe usually only hear the Western
version. Heres one side (its also on the
sheet you have)
http//harunyahya.com/en/works/735/islam-denounces
-terrorism/chapter/1655

• Muslims brought civilization to Jerusalem and all
  of Palestine. Instead of beliefs that showed no
  respect for other peoples' sacred values, and
  which killed them simply out of differences of
  faith, there reigned the just, tolerant and
  moderate culture of Islam. Christians and Jews
  lived together in peace and harmony in Palestine.
  Muslims never tried to use force to make people
  convert, although some non-Muslims who saw that
  Islam was the true religion did so of their own
  free will.
• The peace and harmony in Palestine lasted as long
  as Muslim rule in the region. However, at the end
  of the 11th century, a conquering force entered
  the region from abroad, and the civilized land of
  Jerusalem was barbarically and savagely
  plundered, in a way never before seen. These
  barbarians were the Crusaders.

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Under Muslim rule, Muslims, Christians and Jews
lived together in Jerusalem in contentment and
peace.
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• While members of all three religions were living
  peaceably together in Palestine, the Christians
  in Europe decided to organize a crusade.
  Following a call by Pope Urban II, more than
  100,000 people from all over Europe set out for
  Palestine to free the Holy land from the Muslims
  and find the fabled wealth of the East. After a
  long and wearying journey, and much plundering
  and slaughter along the way, they reached
  Jerusalem. The city fell after a siege of nearly
  five weeks, and the Crusaders moved in. And they
  carried out a savagery the like of which the
  world has seldom seen. All Muslims and Jews in
  the city were put to the sword.
• The peace and harmony in Palestine ended in
  terrible slaughter. The Crusaders violated all
  the ethical laws of Christianity, a religion of
  love and compassion, and spread terror in the
  name of Christianity.

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King Richard ruthlessly executed 3000 Muslim
civilians in the Castle of Acre, among whom were
many women and children ...
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• Saladin and the Muslims in his command treated
  the Christians with great mercy and justice, and
  even showed them more compassion than their own
  leaders had. Not only the Christians but also
  Jews attained peace and security with the
  conquest of Jerusalem by Muslims.
• After Jerusalem, the Crusaders continued their
  barbarity and the Muslims their justice in other
  cities in Palestine. In 1194, Richard the
  Lionheart, who is portrayed as a great hero in
  British history, had 3,000 Muslims, among whom
  were many women and children, executed in Castle
  Acre. Although the Muslims witnessed this
  savagery, they never resorted to the same
  methods. They abided by Allah's command "Let not
  the hatred of a people who once obstructed you
  from the Sacred Mosque lead you to transgress..."
  2) and never used violence against innocent
  civilians. They never employed unnecessary
  violence, not even against the Crusader armies
  they defeated.
• The savagery of the Crusaders and the justice of
  the Muslims once more revealed a historic truth
  An administration built on the principles of
  Islam allowed people of different faiths to live
  together. This fact continued to be demonstrated
  for 700 years after Saladin, particularly during
  the Ottoman period

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Although the Ottoman Empire was a Muslim state,
it granted its subjects religious freedom. As
seen in this picture, the state protected its
citizens in accordance with Muslim moral
teaching, providing for its poor no matter what
religion they practiced.
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