Green pen

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Green pen

• Review the questions from last week. Green pen
  any changes to the
• Command word
• Key words

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Review your summary sheet for aggression
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A2 Physical Education Sport Psychology
AGGRESSION AND CONFIDENCE

• Week 3 Revision

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Aggression
Any behaviour that is intended to harm another
individual by physical or verbal means. (BULL)
Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal
of harming or injuring another human being who is
motivated to avoid such treatment. (BARON)
HOSTILE AGGRESSION Main aim is to harm and
inflict injury. Aggressive actions are outside
the rules of the game Hostile destructiveness
(PARENS) Hostile aggression involves anger. This
type of aggression needs to be eliminated from
sport!
ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOUR No intention to
harm. Strictly within the rules and spirit of the
game. Robust, but functional play. Primarily
focused on completing the skill
successfully. Non-hostile self-protective
mastery behaviour (PARENS, 1987)
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Aggression
INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION Intends to harm as a
means to another goal. For example if you rugby
tackle an opponent with force the intent to wind
them
CHANNELED AGRESSION Positive form of aggression,
divert feelings into positive actions. For
example working harder
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Antecedents of Aggression
HOSTILE CROWDS
FRUSTRATION CAUSED BY POOR PERFORMANCE,
OPPOSITION OR REFS DECISIONS.
NATURE OF THE GAME
AGGRESSION
WIDE DIVISION BETWEEN SCORES
VENUEAWAY TEAM
PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED GRUDGES OR SCORES TO SETTLE
EXTRINSIC REWARDS
HIGH AROUSAL LEVELS
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Theories of Aggression
INSTINCT THEORY (TRAIT PERSPECTIVE) - Proposed by
FRUED but developed but LORENZ in 1966. -
Aggression is genetically inherited and that
trait of violence lies within everyone due to a
basic instinct to dominate. - Death instinct
(FREUD) - Aggressive energy is constantly
building up and needs to be released (LORENZ)

• SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
• Proposed by BANDURA, 1966 but
• developed by LEAKEY.
• Aggression is not biologically based
• but is nurtured through environmental forces.
• Learned by watching and copying
• role models and it becomes an
• excepted mode of behaviour if reinforced.

• FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
• INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
• - Proposed by DOLLARD.
• - Frustration develops when goal-directed
• behaviour or NACH is blocked.
• It is instinctive to fulfil the need
• to release frustration.
• - Instinct theory aggression is the goal.
• - Aggression successful catharsis
• - Aggression unsuccessful more frustration

• AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS
• (BERKOWITZ, 1969)
• INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
• - Builds upon DOLLARDS work.
• Frustration leads to an increase in arousal
  which,
• in some situations will result in aggression.
• Cues baseball bats, violent acts being
  witnessed,
• nature of the game will trigger aggression if
• arousal is high.
• Best players have the ability/temperament
• to control frustration and arousal.

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Do they have limitations?
INSTINCT THEORY (TRAIT PERSPECTIVE)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS (BERKOWITZ, 1969)
INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
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Reducing and controllingaggression

• Punish aggressive play.
• Withdraw violent players from the situation.
• Stress performance rather than the outcome.
• Emphasise non-aggressive role models.
• Make use of cognitive strategies to prevent
  aggressive play.
• Positively reinforce non-aggressive behaviour and
  negatively reinforce aggressive behaviour.
• Change athletes perceptions of the situation.
• Implement stress management techniques.
• Lower arousal levels

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Review the syllabus

• Devise two aggression questions (3 and 4 marks)

• Devise an aggression essay question (14 marks)

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Aggression traffic light sheet
Anything new that Ive learnt

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Confidence

• Self confidence and self efficacy. What is the
  difference?

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Review your summary sheets
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Development of self efficacy

• What did Bandura suggest were the four key
  factors that contribute to the development of
  self efficacy?
• Whats the difference between self efficacy and
  self confidence?

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Banduras model
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Task

• You are the coach of Michael Jordan. He is going
  through a rough patch and is showing signs of low
  levels of self efficacy. Using Banduras model
  how could you turn this around.
• Discuss in pairs and then write four paragraphs.
• This could be part of a 14 mark question. How?
  Why not the full 14 marks?

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Social Facilitation/Inhibition
SOCIAL FACILITATION The presence of an audience
positively increases arousal levels and
performance is enhanced. SOCIAL INHIBITION A
negative effect on performance is experienced due
to the attendance of an audience.

• Distraction/ Conflict Theory (Barron, 1986)
• Individuals can only attend to a limited amount
  of environmental cues.
• Spectators demand the same attention as other
  players, resulting in more competition for
  attentional space.
• Complex actions would therefore be impaired in
  front of large crowds.

• ZAJONC
• - The mere presence of others is sufficient to
  increase the arousal level of the performer.
• This uses drive theory to predict the effect of
  others on performance.
• As arousal increases (as would happen when
  spectators are present), there is a greater
  likelihood of the dominant response occurring.

COTTRELLS EVALUATION APPREHENSION - In some
circumstances the audience can have a calming
effect. - Increases in arousal were only present
when the performer perceived that the audience
was assessing performance.
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Simplified diagram
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Social Facilitation/Inhibition

• Homefield Advantage
• Large supportive home crowds have a positive
  effect on performance.
• Most evident in indoor sports such as
  basketball.
• Crowd gets close to the action, increasing
  audience influence. This is called the proximity
  effect.

• Strategies to Combat Social Inhibition
• Practice selective attention.
• Use imagery, mental rehearsal to block out
  audience effects.
• Ensure essential skills are over-learned and
  grooved.
• introduce evaluative others into practice.
• Raise athletes awareness of the zone of optimal
  functioning.
• Incorporate stress management into training.
• Appropriate use of attribution

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Home and away
Advantages Disadvantages

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Strategies to eliminate effects
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Review the syllabus

• Devise two confidence questions (3 and 4 marks)

• Devise one confidence essay question (14 marks)

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Confidence traffic light sheet
Anything new that Ive learnt

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Next week
Week 1 Aspects of personality Arousal
Week 2 Controlling anxiety Attitudes
Week 3 Aggression Confidence
Week 4 Attribution theory Group success
Week 5 Leadership and any questions