1927?,???,

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???????????

• ?????????
• ??? ??

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????????????

• 1927?,???,????
• 1948?,???(Gamov)????(Alpher)?
  ??(Bethe),?-?-???
• 1957?,B2FH(G.Burbidge,F.Burbidge,
• Fowler and Hoyle)
• 1965?,????????
• ?????????,????,???,
• ??,???,???

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???????? -??????

• ?????????????????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ?????R-W?????

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??????????

• ??????
• TKB2mc2
• T?2mc2/KB

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3????????
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?????

• T1013 ????,???,??,???
• 
  t1.5?10-6?
• T1012 ?? ??? t1.2?10-4?
• T1011 ????????? t0.01?
• T1010 ????? t1.1?
• T109 ??????,?????????
• 
  t3?45?

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??????

• lt10-6?,????????,
• ???????
• ??????

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??????-???

• ?E?t ?
• ?h/2?,h6.625?10-27erg s
• ????? ?E2mc2 ???
• ?t tc?/2mc2 ---?????
• ?????m???????
• ts2Gm/c3 ---?????

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?????

• ?tcts,?
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????
• ????? T1032K

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?????????????

• ?????????
• ?????????????????
• ????????(??1/4)????????????
• ????????200??

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????????-??????

• ?-ray
• X-ray
• ??
• ??
• ??

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X-ray ??

• Uhuru(???) 1970
• HERO-1 ????? 1977
• HERO-2 ??????? 1978
• HERO-3 1979
• ?? (Hakucho) 1979
• ?? (Tenma - Astro-B) 1983
• EXOSAT 1983
• ?? (Ginga - Astro-C) 1987

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• ROSAT 1990
• ASCA (Astro-D) 1993-2001
• BeppoSAX 1996-2002
• RXTE 1995-
• (ROSS X-ray Timing Explorer)
• Chandra (AXAF) 1999 (NASA)
• XMM-Newton 1999

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The Uhuru Satellite
The HEAO-1 Satellite
The HEAO-3 Satellite
The Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2)
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The Hakucho Satellite
The Tenma Astro B Satellite
The Ginga Satellite
The EXOSAT Observatory
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BeppoSAX
ASCA The Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and
Astrophysics
The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
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ROSAT The Roentgen Satellite
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Chandra X-ray Observatory
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Mission Chandra

• Lifetime 23 July 1999 - (nominal 5 year
  mission)
• Energy Range 0.1-10 keV
• Special Features 64 Hours highly-eccentric
  Earth orbit.Spatial resolution lt 1 arcsec
• Science Hightlight
• X-ray imaging the sources associated with
  Gamma-ray bursts and determining their positions
  with an unprecedented precision.
• Monitoring the X-ray afterglow of Gamma-ray
  bursts

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The X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton)
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• Mission XMM-Newton
• Lifetime December 1999 - (nominal 10 year
  mission)
• Energy Range 0.1-15 keV
• Special Features Very large collecting area.
  Simulataneous X-ray Optical observations.

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The following figure compares the XMM-Newton
mirror areas with those of other recent X-ray
observatories (note that the detector efficiency
has not been included). The figure clearly shows
the greater area and extended energy range of
XMM-Newton compared to ROSAT, ASCA, and even
Chandra.
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? ? ? ?
?? ???? ????
Markarian 15.m5 500
Kiso(??) 19.m0 10,000
Palomar BQS 16.m2 100
LBQS 18.m5 1054
Edinburgh/Cape 17.m0 240
HST WF/PC 28.m0 3000
SDSS 20.m0 105
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• 2dF

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Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe ( DEEP )

• The Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary
  Probe (DEEP) is a multi-year program which uses
  the twin 10-m Keck Telescopes and the Hubble
  Space Telescope to conduct a large scale survey
  of distant, faint, field galaxies.

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? ? ? ?

• IRAS 12, 25, 60, 100µm 1983
• ISO 2.5-240µm 1995-1998
• 2MASS
• SIRTF 2.5-200 µm 2003
• WIRE 12, 25µm 1998

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• The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) project
• Two Matching 1.3m Telescopes, Optimized for
  Efficient Sky Coverage
• Sites are Mt. Hopkins and CTIO
• Cameras include 3 infrared arrays, 256 256 --
  one for each the three bands ( J (1.25 µm), H
  (1.65 µm), and Ks (2.17 µm)
• Camera Pixel Size is 2.0" x 2.0"
• Tilting secondary motion during declination
  scanning freezes frames.
• 1.3 second exposure time per frame x 6 frames per
  source 7.8s integration time.
• Sub-stepping in both the in-scan and cross-scan
  direction minimizes effects of undersampling due
  to large pixels.
• Mapping Rate of 70 sq. deg./band/night

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? ? ? ? (38MHz-4.85GHz)
3C 178MHz
5C 178MHz
6C 151 MHz
8C 38 MHz
Texas 365 MHz
87GB 4.85 MHz
GB6 4.85 MHz
Parkes 2.7 MHz
NVSS 1.4 MHz
FIRST 1.4 MHz
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• NVSS(NRAO VLA Sky Survey)
• NVSS???VLA???1.4GHz?????-40?
  (J2000.0)?????????,??????45,5??????2.4mJy???1997?
  ???,???????????82?
• ???????
• (1)2326?4?4? ????,????????????,???Stokes?I?Q?U???
  ??????
• (2)?1,800,000????????,????S?2.5mJy,???????????1.4G
  Hz????????????????????????

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• The FIRST Survey
• Faint Images of the Radio Sky at 20cm
  -- is a project designed to produce the radio
  equivalent of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey
  over 10,000 square degrees of the North and South
  Galactic Caps. Using the NRAO Very Large Array
  (VLA) and an automated mapping pipeline, we
  produce images with 1.8" pixels, a typical rms of
  0.15 mJy, and a resolution of 5". At the 1 mJy
  source detection threshold, there are 90 sources
  per square degree, 35 of which have resolved
  structure on scales from 2-30".

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???, ???, ???

• ??????
• ??????

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LAMOST??????????

• Ø     107??
• ????????????
• Ø     107??
• ??????????
• Ø     106???
• ???????

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????????

• ??????????
• ???????
• ????????
• ????????
• ???????
• ?????

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???????
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??????????

• ????????
• ??????
• ???
• ??????

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????????

• ????h0.71 0.03
• ???? t013.7 0.2 Gyr
• ?????? TCMB2.725 0.002 K
• ??????? ?tot1.02 0.02
• ????? ??0.73 0.04
• ?????? ?b0.044 0.004
• ???? ?m0.27 0.04

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???????????
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??????????(???)

• ???????????????????????????????????,???????1030?
  ?????????????,??????????1???
• ??????
• ????????????,???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????,??????????

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• ????X????
• ??????,?????????????????????????????????
  X??????X?????????????????????????
• ?????,ROSAT?X??????,????????????????????
  ?????10?????????,????????,?M/L100??????????????10
  00?
• ?????
• ?????????,??????(????)??????????????
• ??????

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• ??????????????????,???????????,??????????
  ??????????,????????????????

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?????????
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?????????

• ????
• ????
• X????
• ????
• ????????

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Slitless Spectroscopic Technique

• By Hoag, Smith, Osmer in 1970s
• From the slitless spectrum one can see
• Ly? ?1216 Å
• CIV ?1549 Å
• CIII ?1909 Å
• MGII ?2798 Å
• Improvement
• (1)To decrease the select effect
• (2)To increase the successful rate

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????

• ???????????
• ????
• Ly???
• D????

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?????
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1.????????????
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2. ??????????

• D????
• D/H2?10-5
• ??? 3 ?10-4

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3. ????????

• ????????

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?????????????????????????????????,????????????
??????????????????15??????????,???2.7???,?????????
??????????????????????
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4.?????????

• ??? Z6.42
• ?? Z6.56
• ?? Z ?

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5.?????????????

• ?????
• ????
• ?????
• (????)

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??????

• ????????????????????
• ???????H,C,Ca,Mg,Na?????????????
• ?????????????,??????????????????
• Ly???????????????
• ?????????????????
• ?????????????,?????,???????????
• ??????
• ??????????????????

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???????

• ????????????????????
• ???????,?????????
• ??????????????
• ????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ????????????????
• ??????????
• ?????????????????

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6.?????
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7.???????
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8.??????????
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• ?? ?0??1
• H00.6 0.8
• ?????12 17 ? 109?

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9.??????????

• ??????
• Arp
• Hoyle
• Burbidge
• Nalikar

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??
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?????????????????????????????????,????????????
??????????????????15??????????,???2.7???,?????????
??????????????????????